{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:42:11Z","timestamp":1792460531220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A model is proposed for an amplification step in chemotactically sensitive cells or growth cones that accounts for their extraordinary directional sensitivity. It is assumed that cells have an intrinsic pattern forming system that generates the signals for extension of filopods and lamellipods. An external signal such as a graded cue is assumed to impose some directional preference onto the pattern formed. According to the model, a saturating, self-enhancing reaction is coupled with two antagonistic reactions. One antagonist equilibrates rapidly over the whole cell, causing competition between different surface elements of the cell cortex for activation. It will be won by those cortical regions of the cell that are exposed to the highest concentrations of the external graded cues. The second antagonistic reaction is assumed to act more locally and has a longer time constant. It causes a destabilization of peaks after they have formed. While the total activated area on the cell surface is maintained, the disappearance of some hot spots allows the formation of new ones, preferentially at positions specified by the actual external guiding signal. Computer simulations show that the model accounts for the highly dynamic behaviour of chemotactic cells and growth cones. In the absence of external signals, maxima of the internal signals emerge at random positions and disappear after some time. Travelling waves or oscillations in counter phase can emerge on the cell cortex, in agreement with observations reported in the literature. In other ranges of parameters, the model accounts for the generation of a stable cell polarity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.17.2867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T17:20:12Z","timestamp":1619371212000},"page":"2867-2874","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["Orientation of chemotactic cells and growth cones: models and mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Hans","family":"Meinhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany (e-mail: hans.meinhardt@tuebingen.mpg.de)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339095000800","article-title":"Basic morphogenetic system modeling shape changes of migrating cells: how to explain fluctuating lamellopodial dynamics","volume":"3","author":"Alt","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Systems"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(82)90353-0","article-title":"Localization of voltage-sensitive calcium channels along developing neurites: their possible role in regulating neurite elongation","volume":"94","author":"Anglister","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1734526","article-title":"Axon guidance by gradients of a target-derived component","volume":"255","author":"Baier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/361315a0","article-title":"Inositol triphosphate and calcium signalling","volume":"361","author":"Berridge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/376686a0","article-title":"Asymmetric retraction of growth cone filopodia following focal inactivation","volume":"376","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-5781(06)80081-2","article-title":"Control of cell polarity by internal programs and external signals in yeast","volume":"6","author":"Chant","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin. Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(96)80035-4","article-title":"Generation of cell polarity in yeast","volume":"8","author":"Chant","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(96)81400-4","article-title":"Signaling through chemoattractant receptors in dictyostelium","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.04.110188.003245","article-title":"Chemotaxis in eukaryotic cells: a focus on leukocytes and Dictyostelium","volume":"4","author":"Devreotes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/310058a0","article-title":"Persistent directional motility of cells and cytoplamatic fragments in the absense of microtubules","volume":"310","author":"Euteneuer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.17.6353","article-title":"Self-organization of the fluid mosaic of charged channel proteins in membranes","volume":"85","author":"Fromherz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(95)00254-5","article-title":"Chemoattractant-controlled accumulation of coronin at the leading edge of Dictyostelium cells monitored using a green fluorescent protein-coronin fusion protein","volume":"5","author":"Gerisch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289234","article-title":"A theory of biological pattern formation","volume":"12","author":"Gierer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Kybernetik"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.101.3.479","article-title":"Directional cues for growing axons forming the retinotectal projection","volume":"101","author":"Gierer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.2307\/3869797","article-title":"Fucus embryogenesis \u2013 a model to study the establishment of polarity","volume":"5","author":"Goodner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/23954","article-title":"Type III InsP3 receptor channel stays open in the presence of increased calcium","volume":"396","author":"Hagar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400090405","article-title":"The outgrowth of the nerve fiber as a mode of protoplasmic movements","volume":"9","author":"Harrison","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/360076a0","article-title":"Calcium-dependent immediate feedback control of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-induced Ca2+ release","volume":"360","author":"Iino","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9954-2.50012-4","article-title":"Localization in the developing Fucus egg and the general role of localizing currents","volume":"7","author":"Jaffe","year":"1968","journal-title":"Advan. Morphogen"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-08-03257.1992","article-title":"Dynamics of terminal arbor formation of target approach of retinotectal axons in living zebrafish embryos: a time-lapse study of single axons","volume":"12","author":"Kaethner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480250704","article-title":"Growth behaviour of retinotectal axons in live zebrafish embryos under TTX-induced neural impulse blockade","volume":"25","author":"Kaethner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.106.4.1005","article-title":"The locomotion shape and pseudopodial dynamics of unstimulated Dictyostelium cells are not random","volume":"106","author":"Killich","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(94)90048-5","article-title":"Cell-movement and shape are nonrandom and determined by intracellular, oscillatory rotating waves in Dictyostelium amoebas","volume":"33","author":"Killich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(78)90408-7","article-title":"Cyclic AMP-induced pH change in Dictyostelium discoideum and their control by calcium","volume":"538","author":"Malchow","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C25","first-page":"135","article-title":"On the role of calcium during chemotactic signaling and differentiation of the cellular slime-mold Dictyostelium discoideum","volume":"40","author":"Malchow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3190323","article-title":"An increase in cytosolic Ca2+ delays camp oscillations in dictyostelium cells","volume":"319","author":"Malchow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4160(90)90069-7","article-title":"Local and global changes in cytosolic free calcium in neutrophils during chemotaxis and phagocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Marks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.15.2.321","article-title":"Applications of a theory of biological pattern formation based on lateral inhibition","volume":"15","author":"Meinhardt","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1976.tb01478.x","article-title":"Morphogenesis of lines and nets","volume":"6","author":"Meinhardt","year":"1976","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C30","volume-title":"Models of Biological Pattern Formation","author":"Meinhardt","year":"1982"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(87)80101-7","article-title":"A model for pattern formation on the shells of molluscs","volume":"126","author":"Meinhardt","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03617-4","volume-title":"The Algorithmic Beauty of Sea Shells. 2nd edition, with PC-software","author":"Meinhardt","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.110.22.2845","article-title":"Intracellular Ca2+ signals in Dictyostelium-chemotaxis are mediated exclusively by Ca2+ influx","volume":"110","author":"Nebl","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81784-5","article-title":"G protein signalling events are activated at the leading edge of chemotactic cells","volume":"95","author":"Parent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.765","article-title":"A cell\u2019s sense of direction","volume":"284","author":"Parent","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.207.4426.77","article-title":"Polarization of fucoid eggs by a calcium ionophore gradient","volume":"207","author":"Robinson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3320541","article-title":"Fatty-acids induce release of from acidosomal stores and activate capacitative Ca2+ entry in Dictyostelium-discoideum","volume":"332","author":"Schaloske","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(89)80035-3","article-title":"Genetic approaches to cytoskeleton function and the control of cell motility","volume":"1","author":"Segall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.109.2.335","article-title":"Polar localization of a dihydropyridine receptor on living Fucus zygotes","volume":"109","author":"Shaw","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6476","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-20-06476.1996","article-title":"Basic fibroblast growth-factor increases functional l-type Ca2+ channels in foetal-rat hippocampal-neurons \u2013 implications for neurite morphogenesis in-vitro","volume":"16","author":"Shitaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(97)80156-1","article-title":"Rho, Rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulate the organization of the actin cytoskeleton","volume":"9","author":"Tapon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C42","first-page":"37","article-title":"The chemical basis of morphogenesis","volume":"237","author":"Turing","year":"1952","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. B"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/smns.1997.0118","article-title":"G proteins and axon growth","volume":"9","author":"Vancura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Neurosci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(99)80042-6","article-title":"Self-polarization and directional motility of cytoplasm","volume":"9","author":"Verkhovsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.125.5.1077","article-title":"Growth site localization of RHO1 small GTP-binding protein and its involvement in bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"130","author":"Yamochi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.111.15.2097","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of actin concentration during cytokinesis and locomotion in Dictyostelium","volume":"111","author":"Yumura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C47","first-page":"205","article-title":"Calcium and chemotrophic turning of nerve growth cones","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Persp. Dev. Neurobiol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01140.1996","article-title":"Essential role of filopodia in chemotropic turning of nerve growth cone induced by a glutamate gradient","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.75.2.606","article-title":"Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors","volume":"75","author":"Zigmond","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(96)80050-0","article-title":"Signal transduction and actin filament organization","volume":"8","author":"Zigmond","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024011300211226500_JOCES_112_17_2867C51","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Subcellular localization of Cdc42p, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae GTP-protein involved in the control of cell polarity","volume":"4","author":"Ziman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Biol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cell Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jcs\/article-pdf\/112\/17\/2867\/3347702\/joces_112_17_2867.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jcs\/article-pdf\/112\/17\/2867\/3347702\/joces_112_17_2867.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:21:22Z","timestamp":1705105282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jcs\/article\/112\/17\/2867\/25792\/Orientation-of-chemotactic-cells-and-growth-cones"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.112.17.2867","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9533","1477-9137"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9533","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9137","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]}}}