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XCR1-positive (XCR1+) DCs are attracted by XCL1, a \u03b3-chemokine secreted by activated CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) is the only virus known to encode a viral XCL1 analog (vXCL1) that competes for XCR1 binding with the endogenous chemokine. Here we show that vXCL1 from two different RCMV strains, as well as endogenous rat XCL1 (rXCL1) bind to and induce chemotaxis exclusively in rat XCR1+ DCs. Whereas rXCL1 activates the XCR1 Gi signaling pathway in rats and humans, both of the vXCL1s function as species-specific agonists for rat XCR1. In addition, we demonstrate constitutive internalization of XCR1 in XCR1-transfected HEK293A cells and in splenic XCR1+ DCs. This internalization was independent of \u03b2-arrestin 1 and 2 and was enhanced after binding of vXCL1 and rXCL1; however, vXCL1 appeared to be a stronger agonist. These findings suggest a decreased surface expression of XCR1 during DC cultivation at 37\u00b0C, and subsequent impairment of chemotactic activity and XCR1+ DC function.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.236190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T14:19:44Z","timestamp":1571926784000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rat cytomegalovirus-encoded \u03b3-chemokine vXCL1 is a highly adapted, species-specific agonist for rat XCR1-positive dendritic cells"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute 1 Department of Infectious Diseases , , 13353 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Madela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute 1 Department of Infectious Diseases , , 13353 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen 2 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences , , 2200 Copenhagen , Denmark"},{"name":"Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen 3 Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine , , 2730 Herlev , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktorija","family":"Daugvilaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen 2 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences , , 2200 Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Gurka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute 4 Molecular Immunology , , 13353 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Werner","family":"Mages","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for biological threats and special pathogens, Robert Koch Institute 5 , 13353 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Kroczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute 4 Molecular Immunology , , 13353 Berlin , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette M.","family":"Rosenkilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen 2 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences , , 2200 Copenhagen , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institute 1 Department of Infectious Diseases , , 13353 Berlin , Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin 6 Department of Pediatric Oncology\/Hematology\/Stem Cell Transplantation , , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024072613505124700_JCS236190C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00378","article-title":"Deciphering the role of DC subsets in MCMV infection to better understand immune protection against viral infections","volume":"5","author":"Alexandre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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