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Both the adaptors and their binding partners are part of diverse and redundant protein networks that can functionally compensate for each other. To explore the significance of the F-BAR domain-containing neuronal membrane adaptor TOCA-1 (also known as FNBP1L) in filopodia we performed a quantitative analysis of TOCA-1 and filopodial dynamics in Xenopus retinal ganglion cells, where Ena\/VASP proteins have a native role in filopodial extension. Increasing the density of TOCA-1 enhances Ena\/VASP protein binding in vitro, and an accumulation of TOCA-1, as well as its coincidence with Ena, correlates with filopodial protrusion in vivo. Two-colour single-molecule localisation microscopy of TOCA-1 and Ena supports their nanoscale association. TOCA-1 clusters promote filopodial protrusion and this depends on a functional TOCA-1 SH3 domain and activation of Cdc42, which we perturbed using the small-molecule inhibitor CASIN. We propose that TOCA-1 clusters act independently of membrane curvature to recruit and promote Ena activity for filopodial protrusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.261057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T10:07:51Z","timestamp":1707300471000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Filopodial protrusion driven by density-dependent Ena\u2013TOCA-1 interactions"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas C. 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