{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T05:09:38Z","timestamp":1784351378334,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01-AI132463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI132463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Motility is essential for apicomplexan parasites to infect their hosts. In a three-dimensional (3D) environment, the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii moves along a helical path. The cortical microtubules, which are ultra-stable and spirally arranged, have been considered to be a structure that guides the long-distance movement of the parasite. Here, we address the role of the cortical microtubules in parasite motility, invasion and egress by utilizing a previously generated mutant (dubbed \u2018TKO\u2019) in which these microtubules are destabilized in mature parasites. We found that the cortical microtubules in \u223c80% of the non-dividing (i.e. daughter-free) TKO parasites are much shorter than normal. The extent of depolymerization was further exacerbated upon commencement of daughter formation or cold treatment, but parasite replication was not affected. In a 3D Matrigel matrix, the TKO mutant moved directionally over long distances, but along trajectories that were significantly more linear (i.e. less helical) than those of wild-type parasites. Interestingly, this change in trajectory did not impact either movement speed in the matrix or the speed and behavior of the parasite during entry into and egress from the host cell.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.261270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T06:53:53Z","timestamp":1691650433000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The cortical microtubules of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    underlie the helicity of parasite movement"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Isadonna F.","family":"Tengganu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution\/School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284 1 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa F.","family":"Arias Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution\/School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284 1 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Munera Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution\/School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284 1 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3347-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University, Bloomington, ID 47405 2 Department of Biology , , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2060-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter T.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284 3 Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics , , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution\/School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284 1 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9778-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution\/School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284 1 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023090708591957100_JCS261270C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0199-8","article-title":"Synthetic alternatives to Matrigel","volume":"5","author":"Aisenbrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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