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Despite these efforts, the overall 5-year relative survival rate remains low, at \u223c27%, with outcomes varying significantly by stage at diagnosis. These limited survival rates highlight the urgent need for more effective therapeutic strategies and innovative treatment approaches. A combination therapy involving immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic drugs has emerged as a promising strategy for lung cancer treatment. However, challenges such as low response rates and acquired resistance continue to hinder the success of this approach. The tumour microenvironment, particularly the intricate molecular and cellular interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells, plays a pivotal role in determining the efficacy of and resistance to therapeutic strategies. In this Perspective, we discuss the interplay between cancer cells and immune and vascular cells, highlighting how a detailed understanding of the cell biology of the tumour microenvironment might advance current therapies. Additionally, we describe alternative vascular modulation approaches that could potentially improve the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.264224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:02:18Z","timestamp":1773144138000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing lung cancer therapy \u2013 leveraging cell biology to improve immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic strategies"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Jozafina","family":"Haj-Shomaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London Adhesion and Angiogenesis Lab , , London EC1M 6BQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Castillo-Kauil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London Adhesion and Angiogenesis Lab , , London EC1M 6BQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London Adhesion and Angiogenesis Lab , , London EC1M 6BQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2859-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kairbaan M.","family":"Hodivala-Dilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London Adhesion and Angiogenesis Lab , , London EC1M 6BQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5619-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"D'Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London Adhesion and Angiogenesis Lab , , London EC1M 6BQ ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026031008021296300_JCS264224C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-024-09910-2","article-title":"The role of vasculature and angiogenesis in respiratory diseases","volume":"27","author":"Ackermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angiogenesis,"},{"key":"2026031008021296300_JCS264224C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112603","article-title":"Surgery after induction targeted therapy and immunotherapy for lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Allaeys","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026031008021296300_JCS264224C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.3747\/co.25.3747","article-title":"Antiangiogenic therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Alshangiti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Oncol,"},{"key":"2026031008021296300_JCS264224C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0081-9","article-title":"The lung microenvironment: an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis","volume":"19","author":"Altorki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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