{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:49:41Z","timestamp":1792788581176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"18","funder":[{"name":"Swiss Nanoscience Institute","award":["P2204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2204"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02mrd0686","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["M822.00045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M822.00045"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0472cxd90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) is the central CO2-fixing enzyme of the biosphere. It is present in virtually all photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria, algae and land plants. Rubisco catalyses the carboxylation step of the Calvin\u2013Benson\u2013Bassham (CBB) cycle that underpins the light-independent \u2018dark\u2019 reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. However, Rubisco exhibits a low catalytic rate and wasteful oxygenation activity, a constraint rooted in its ancient evolutionary origin. To overcome this specificity limitation, many photosynthetic lineages have evolved CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that increase the local concentration of CO2 relative to O2 around Rubisco. In algae, these biophysical CCMs actively deliver CO2 to the dense, phase-separated Rubisco matrix of chloroplast microcompartments called pyrenoids. Here, we outline the molecular principles that define pyrenoids, their remarkable diversity arising from convergent evolution and the fundamental role of Rubisco condensation. Using case studies from well-established model organisms, we highlight current insights and future directions of pyrenoid and CCM research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.264787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:45:51Z","timestamp":1790588751000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The pyrenoid at a glance"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Van der Stappen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel 1 Biozentrum , , Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel 2 , Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel 1 Biozentrum , , Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Demulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel 1 Biozentrum , , Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences 3 , Vienna BioCenter, Vienna 1030 ,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092805454794100_JCS264787C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac373","article-title":"New horizons for building pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanisms in plants to improve yields","volume":"190","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026092805454794100_JCS264787C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae450","article-title":"Bestrophin-like protein 4 is involved in photosynthetic acclimation to light fluctuations in Chlamydomonas","volume":"196","author":"Adler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026092805454794100_JCS264787C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.71373","article-title":"EPOS1 is required for normal pyrenoid starch sheath formation and efficiency of the CO2 -concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"251","author":"Adler","year":"2026","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"2026092805454794100_JCS264787C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2311013121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311013121","article-title":"SAGA1 and SAGA2 promote starch formation around proto-pyrenoids in Arabidopsis chloroplasts","volume":"121","author":"Atkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. 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