{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:40:23Z","timestamp":1791319223282,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["226791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226791"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["227243\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227243\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Edinburgh","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01nrxwf90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diplonemids are highly abundant heterotrophic single-celled flagellates that are widespread throughout the oceans of the world. They have a highly complex microtubule-based feeding apparatus (the cytostome\u2013cytopharynx complex) located adjacent to the deep flagellar pocket from which two flagella emerge. The apical papilla is a tongue-shaped structure unique to diplonemids that connects the cytopharynx and the flagellar pocket, the latter of which is formed by reinforcing microtubules (MTR) and two flagellar roots called intermediate and dorsal roots. Here, we report identification of 17 proteins that localize at the feeding apparatus or flagellar apparatus in Diplonema papillatum. Using ultrastructure expansion microscopy, we show that Mad2 and its interaction partner MBP65 localize at the MTR, intermediate root and dorsal root. Homologs of proteins that associate with the flagellar apparatus in Trypanosoma brucei (PFR2, KMP-11 and BILBO1) localize at the feeding apparatus in D. papillatum. We also identify proteins that localize at the apical papilla, MTR, parallel microtubule loop and cytopharynx. By discovering many components of the feeding apparatus in diplonemids, this work forms the foundation to understand the feeding mechanism in these highly abundant marine planktonic organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.264933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:22:17Z","timestamp":1786094537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of feeding apparatus components in a heterotrophic marine flagellate"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5258-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Clifford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh 1 , Edinburgh EH9 3BF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0654-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel J. P.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh 1 , Edinburgh EH9 3BF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9597-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Midori","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh 1 , Edinburgh EH9 3BF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cisneros-Soberanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh 1 , Edinburgh EH9 3BF ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Discovery Research Platform for Hidden Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh 2 , Edinburgh EH9 3BF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6010-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bungo","family":"Akiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh 1 , Edinburgh EH9 3BF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091804155791900_JCS264933C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026091804155791900_JCS264933C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.29.424754","article-title":"Analysis of a Mad2 homolog in Trypanosoma brucei provides possible hints on the origin of the spindle checkpoint","author":"Akiyoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026091804155791900_JCS264933C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130023","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.130023","article-title":"Evolutionary cell biology of chromosome segregation: insights from trypanosomes","volume":"3","author":"Akiyoshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"2026091804155791900_JCS264933C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250096","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.250096","article-title":"Discovery of unique mitotic mechanisms in Paradiplonema papillatum","volume":"15","author":"Akiyoshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"2026091804155791900_JCS264933C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.135491","article-title":"The three-dimensional structure of the cytostome-cytopharynx complex of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes","volume":"127","author":"Alcantara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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