{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:01:38Z","timestamp":1789596098301,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1981,8,1]],"date-time":"1981-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":365472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Monkey periodontal ligament fibroblasta (MPLF cells), human gingival fibroblasts (HGF cells), rat embryonic calvaria cells (REC cells), porcine periodontal ligament epithelial cells (PPLE cells) and rat osteosarcoma 17\/2 cells (ROS cells) were incorporated into 3-dimensional collagen gels plated in 60 mm Petri dishes in order: first, to measure the capacity of these cell types to contract; second, to investigate cell-collagen and intercellular relationships during contraction; and third, to define the cellular contribution to tissue contraction in an in vitro system. Measurements at times up to 72 h on 3 ml gels containing 5\u00d7105 cells and with a collagen concentration of 1\u00b720 mg\/ml showed that MPLF cells contracted the gels at a significantly greater rate (P &amp;lt; 0\u00b7001) than did the other cell types. In addition, contraction started sooner and was of greater extent than with the other cells. HGF cells contracted the gels more rapidly than REC and PPLE cells, while ROS cells caused no contraction. Several stages of gel compaction could be defined: (1) the attachment of cells to collagen; (2) cellular spreading within the collagen fibre matrix; (3) organization and alignment of collagen fibres by cell processes; (4) cell migration; (5) establishment of intercellular contacts; and (6) the development of a cellular reticular arrangement within the gel and the extension of this arrangement into a 3-dimensional, tissue-like, honeycomb network. Electron microscopic observations on 0\u00b71 ml gels containing MPLF cells showed that, in the early contractile phase, numerous cell processes attached to or enclosed collagen fibrils. These processes contained micro-filamentous material and few organelles. In compacted gels, the cells contained an increased amount of distended rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes. Since MPLF cells have the capacity for vigorous contraction of the collagen gels and since they develop a reticular, 3-dimensional structure in compacted gels that is reminiscent of the relationship of periodontal ligament fibroblasts to collagen fibres in vivo, it is suggested that they could provide the major force necessary for tooth eruption in vivo. This system also provides a well-defined in vitro model to study the sequential stages that occur during contraction processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.50.1.299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T01:22:11Z","timestamp":1619486531000},"page":"299-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Contraction and organization of collagen gels by cells cultured from periodontal ligament, gingiva and bone suggest functional differences between cell types"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"C. G.","family":"Bellows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto Medical Research Council Group in Periodontal Physiology , Faculty of Dentistry , , Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"Melcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto Medical Research Council Group in Periodontal Physiology , Faculty of Dentistry , , Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Aubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto Medical Research Council Group in Periodontal Physiology , Faculty of Dentistry , , Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Wound contraction in relation to collagen formation in scorbutic guinea-pigs","volume":"4","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Embryol. exp. Morph"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(71)90420-4","article-title":"The locomotion of fibroblasts in culture. IV. Electron microscopy of the leading lamella","volume":"67","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1971","journal-title":"Expl Cell Res"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C3","first-page":"170","article-title":"Wound contraction in rabbit skin, studied by splinting the wound margins","volume":"94","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Anat. Land"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(75)90134-X","article-title":"Migration of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor as revealed by autoradiography","volume":"20","author":"Beertsen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Archs oral Biol."},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(74)90235-0","article-title":"Fine structure of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisor and their possible role in tooth eruption","volume":"19","author":"Beertsen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Archs oral Biol"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.3.1274","article-title":"Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro","volume":"76","author":"Bell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.44.1.59","article-title":"Orientation of calvaria and periodontal ligament cells in vitro by pairs of demineralized particles","volume":"44","author":"Bellows","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.27.1.127","article-title":"Interactions between epithelial and fibroblast-like cells in cultures derived from monkey periodontal ligament","volume":"17","author":"Brunette","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(76)90001-7","article-title":"Culture and origin of epithelial-like and fibroblast-like cells from porcine periodontal ligament explants and cell suspensions","volume":"21","author":"Brunette","year":"1976","journal-title":"Archs oral Biol"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C10","first-page":"40","article-title":"The contractile system of blood platelets and its function","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Meth. Achiev. exp. Pathol"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C11","volume-title":"Carleton\u2019s Histological Technique, 4th edn","author":"Drury","year":"1967"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C12","first-page":"1375","article-title":"The growth of cells on a transparent gel of reconstituted rat-tail collagen","volume":"16","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. natn. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.76.3.561","article-title":"Cytoplasmic filaments and gap junctions in epithelial cells and myofibroblasts during wound healing. J\u2019","volume":"76","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cell Biol"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.135.4.719","article-title":"Granulation tissue as a contractile organ: a study of structure and function","volume":"135","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. exp. Med"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C15","first-page":"139","article-title":"The fibroblast as a contractile cell: the myofibroblast","volume-title":"In Biology of fibroblast","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1973"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/243445a0","article-title":"Muscular contraction and cell motility","volume":"243","author":"Huxley","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature, Lond."},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C17","first-page":"73","article-title":"Cell surface proteins and malignant transformation","volume":"458","author":"Hynes","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochim. biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C18","first-page":"216","article-title":"Wound contraction - a synthesis","volume-title":"In Advances in Biology of Skin","author":"James","year":"1964"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C19","first-page":"588","article-title":"Biochemistry of actomyosin-dependent cell motility (a review)","volume-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A","author":"Korn","year":"1978"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.6.2268","article-title":"Actin antibody: the specific visualization of actin filaments in non-muscle cells","volume":"71","author":"Lazarides","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1979.tb04200.x","article-title":"Procollagen synthesis and processing in periodontal ligament in vivo and in vitro","volume":"100","author":"Limeback","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3996.548","article-title":"Contraction of granulation tissue in vitro-, similarly to smooth muscle","volume":"173","author":"Majno","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science, N.Y"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(76)90060-1","article-title":"Differences in vitro between cells derived from periodontal ligament and skin of Macaca irus","volume":"21","author":"Marmary","year":"1976","journal-title":"Archs oral Biol"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C24","first-page":"449","article-title":"Healing of wounds in the periodontium","volume-title":"In Biology of the Periodontium","author":"Melcher","year":"1969"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C25","first-page":"204","article-title":"Periodontal ligament","volume-title":"In Orban\u2019s Oral Histology and Embryology, 9th edn","author":"Melcher","year":"1980"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C26","first-page":"1","article-title":"The physiology of tooth eruption","volume-title":"In The Biology of Occlusal Development","author":"Melcher","year":"1977"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C27","first-page":"259","article-title":"Functional implications of the biochemical and structural properties of cytoplasmic contractile proteins","volume-title":"In Molecules and Cell Movement","author":"Pollard","year":"1975"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10409237409105443","article-title":"Actin and myosin and cell movement","volume":"2","author":"Pollard","year":"1974","journal-title":"C.R.C. Crit. Rev. Biochem"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-100-5-1233","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone-and prostaglandin E1-response in a selected population of bone cells after repeated subculture and storage at \u201380 \u00b0C","volume":"100","author":"Rao","year":"1977","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.38.1.267","article-title":"Different mechanisms in the attachment of cells to native and denatured collagen","volume":"38","author":"Schor","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(79)90064-5","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in relation to their possible role in tooth eruption and intracellular collagen degradation in the rat","volume":"24","author":"Shore","year":"1979","journal-title":"Archs oral Biol"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.25.2.407","article-title":"A simplified lead citrate stain for use in electron microscopy","volume":"25","author":"Venable","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.84.5.943-952.1962","article-title":"Fine structure of Myxococcus xantaus during morphogenesis","volume":"84","author":"Voelz","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Bact"},{"key":"2023070422151995400_JOCES_50_1_299C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1978.tb16807.x","article-title":"Transformation-sensitive cell surface protein: isolation, characterization, and role in cellular morphology and adhesion","volume":"312","author":"Yamada","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. N. Y. Acad. Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cell Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jcs\/article-pdf\/50\/1\/299\/3022056\/joces_50_1_299.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jcs\/article-pdf\/50\/1\/299\/3022056\/joces_50_1_299.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T22:15:56Z","timestamp":1688508956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jcs\/article\/50\/1\/299\/77190\/Contraction-and-organization-of-collagen-gels-by"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981,8,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.50.1.299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9533","1477-9137"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9533","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9137","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1981,8,1]]}}}