{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:15:47Z","timestamp":1789982147398,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hydromedusan jellyfish Aglantha digitale feeds on small planktonic organisms carried to the margin by tentacle flexions. During feeding, the manubrium bends across (`points') and seizes the prey with flared lips. In immobilized preparations, pointing to a source of electrical stimulation was accurate, 70% of the time, to within 15\u00b0. Cutting experiments showed that the conduction pathways concerned with pointing and lip flaring are located in eight radial strands consisting of a radial canal,a giant nerve axon and a bundle of small axons with FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Application of food juices to sites on the margin and tentacles evoked trains of impulses in the axon bundles (F events; conduction velocity 15.5\u00b13.7 cm s-1) and in the epithelium lining the radial canals (E events; conduction velocity 28.5\u00b13.5 cm s-1). Impulses were conducted circularly in the outer nerve ring (F events) or in the ring canal (E events).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Unilateral flexions of the manubrium during pointing arise from preferential excitation of one or more of eight longitudinal `muscle bands' in the wall of the manubrium and peduncle. Lip flaring represents symmetrical contraction of all eight bands. Cutting experiments revealed that F events mediate pointing; E events mediate lip flaring. Thus the endodermal radial canals, which in other hydromedusae mediate protective `crumpling', provide the conduction pathway for manubrial lip flaring. Aglantha's alternative protective response \u2013 escape swimming \u2013 makes crumpling unnecessary, releasing the pathway for use in feeding.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Trains of E events, generated in the manubrium during ingestion, propagate to the margin and inhibit rhythmic (slow) swimming with a duration that depended on their number and frequency. Inhibition of swimming appeared to facilitate transfer of food from the margin to the mouth, but how it comes about is unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,9]],"date-time":"2003-06-09T23:20:57Z","timestamp":1055200857000},"page":"2487-2505","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Central circuitry in the jellyfish<i>Aglantha digitale<\/i>IV. Pathways coordinating feeding behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"G. O.","family":"Mackie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia,V8W 3N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia,V8W 3N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. W.","family":"Meech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, P. A. V. (1980). Epithelial conduction: its properties and functions. Progr. Neurobiol.15,161-203.","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(80)90022-2"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arai, M. N. (1991). Attraction of Aurelia and Aequorea to prey. Hydrobiologia216\/217,363-366.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00026487"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF3","unstructured":"Arai, M. N., McFarlane, G. A., Saunders, M. W. and Mapstone, G. M. (1993). Spring abundance of medusae, ctenophores and siphonophores off southwest Vancouver Island: possible competition or predation on sablefish larvae. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci.1939,1-37."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkett, S. A. (1984). Diel vertical migration and feeding behavior of a demersal hydromedusan (Polyorchis penicillatus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.41,1837-1843.","DOI":"10.1139\/f84-226"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arkett, S. A., Mackie, G. O. and Meech, R. W.(1988). Hair cell mechanoreception in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale. J. Exp. Biol.135,329-342.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.135.1.329"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF6","unstructured":"Beutler, R. (1924). Experimentelle Untersuchungen u\u0308ber die Verdauung bei Hydra. Zeit. vergl. Physiol.1,1-56."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF7","unstructured":"Bone, Q. (1997). Nervous system, sense organs and excitable epithelia. In The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates (ed. Q. Bone), pp. 55-80. Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Child, C. M. (1918). Physiological senescence in hydromedusae. Biol. Bull.34, 49-63.","DOI":"10.2307\/1536248"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimmelikhuijzen, C. J. P., Williamson, M. and Hansen, G. N.(2002). Neuropeptides in cnidarians. Can. J. Zool.80,1690-1702.","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-137"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF10","unstructured":"Henschel, J. (1935). Untersuchungen u\u0308ber den chemischen Sinn der Scyphomedusen Aurelia aurita und Cyanea capillata und der Hydromeduse Sarsia tubulosa. Wiss. Meeresunters. Kiel22,23-42."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horridge, G. A. (1955a). The nerves and muscles of medusae. II. Geryonia proboscidalis Eschscholtz. J. Exp. Biol.32,555-568.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.32.3.555"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horridge, G. A. (1955b). The nerves and muscles of medusae. IV. Inhibition in Aequorea forskalea. J. Exp. Biol.32,642-648.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.32.4.642"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF13","unstructured":"Horridge, G. A. (1968). Interneurons. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, M. F., Simon, S. A. and Ramo\u0301n, F.(1980). Interaction of anaesthetics with electrical synapses. Nature286,498-500.","DOI":"10.1038\/286498a0"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF15","unstructured":"Josephson, R. K. (1985). Communication by conducting epithelia. In Comparative Neurobiology: Modes of Communication in the Nervous System (ed. M. J. Cohen and F. Strumwasser), pp. 133-148. New York:Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerfoot, P. A. H., Mackie, G. O., Meech, R. W., Roberts, A. and Singla, C. L. (1985). Neuromuscular transmission in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale. J. Exp. Biol.116, 1-25.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.116.1.1"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, M. G. and Spencer, A. N. (1979). Gap and septate junctions in the excitable endoderm of Polyorchis penicillatus (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae). J. Cell. Sci.36,391-400.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.36.1.391"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, M. G. and Spencer, A. N. (1981). The involvement of nerves in the epithelial control of crumpling behaviour in a hydrozoan jellyfish. J. Exp. Biol.94,203-218.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.94.1.203"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenhoff, H. M. (1964). Reversible inhibition of swimming in Stomotoca atra by mesogloeal extracts of some other medusae. Biol. Bull.126,115-120.","DOI":"10.2307\/1539421"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loomis, W. F. (1955). Glutathione control of the specific feeding reactions of hydra. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.62,209-228.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1955.tb35372.x"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF21","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. (1975). Neurobiology of Stomotoca. II. Pacemakers and conduction pathways. J. Neurobiol.6,357-378."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. (1976). The control of fast and slow muscle contractions in the siphonophore stem. In Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior (ed. G. O. Mackie), pp.647-659. Plenum, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9724-4_67"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. (1980). Slow swimming and cyclical `fishing' behavior in Aglantha digitale (Hydromedusae:Trachylina). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.37,1550-1556.","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-200"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. and Meech, R. W. (1995a). Central circuitry in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale. I. The relay system. J. Exp. Biol.198,2261-2270.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.11.2261"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. and Meech, R. W. (1995b). Central circuitry in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale. II. The ring giant and carrier systems. J. Exp. Biol.198,2271-2278.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.11.2271"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF26","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. and Meech, R. W. (2000). Central circuitry in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale. III. The rootlet and pacemaker systems. J. Exp. Biol.203,1797-1807."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O., Nielsen, C. and Singla, C. L.(1989). The tentacle cilia of Aglantha digitale(Hydrozoa: Trachylina) and their control. Acta Zool.(Stockholm)70,133-141.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1989.tb01063.x"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. and Passano, L. M. (1968). Epithelial conduction in hydromedusae. J. Gen. Physiol. 52,600-621.","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.52.3.600"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF29","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. and Singla, C. L. (1975). Neurobiology of Stomotoca. I. Action systems. J. Neurobiol.6,339-356."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF30","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O. and Singla, C. L. (1997). The role of epithelial conduction in the behaviour of Aglantha digitale(O. F. Mu\u0308ller, 1776) (Hydromedusae: Rhopalonematidae). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, pp. 307-313. Leiden: Nat. Natuurhist. Museum."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, G. O., Singla, C. L. and Stell, W. K.(1985). Distribution of nerve elements showing FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in hydromedusae. Acta Zool.(Stockholm)66,199-210.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1985.tb00840.x"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Na\u0308gel, W. A. (1894). Experimentelle sinnesphysiologische Untersuchungen an Coelenteraten. Pflu\u0308ger's Arch. Ges. Physiol.57,495-551.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01671238"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohtsu, K and Yoshida, M. (1973). Electrical activities of the anthomedusan, Spirocodon saltatrix (Tilesius). Biol. Bull.145,532-547.","DOI":"10.2307\/1540635"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, A. and Mackie, G. O. (1980). The giant axon escape system of a hydrozoan medusa, Aglantha digitale. J. Exp. Biol.84,303-318.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.84.1.303"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF35","unstructured":"Romanes, G. J. (1877). Further observations on the locomotor system of medusae. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.167,659-752."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satterlie, R. A. and Spencer, A. N. (1987). Organization of conducting systems in `simple' invertebrates: Porifera,Cnidaria and Ctenophora. In Nervous Sytems in Invertebrates (ed. M. A. Ali), pp.213-264. New York: Plenum.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1955-9_9"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singla, C. L. (1978). Locomotion and neuromuscular system of Aglantha digitale. Cell Tissue Res.188,317-327.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00222640"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, A. N. (1981). The parameters and properties of a group of electrically coupled neurones in the central nervous system of a hydrozoan jellyfish. J. Exp. Biol.93, 33-50.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.93.1.33"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF39","unstructured":"Spencer, A. N. and Schwab, W. E. (1982). Hydrozoa. In Electrical Conduction and Behaviour in `Simple'Invertebrates (ed. G. A. B. Shelton), pp.73-148. Oxford: Clarendon Press."},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamburri, M. N., Halt, M. N. and Robison, B. H.(2000). Chemically regulated feeding by a midwater medusa. Limnol. Oceanogr.45,1661-1666.","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.7.1661"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, C., Singla, C. L. and Kerfoot, P. A. H.(1982). Microanatomy of the subumbrellar motor innervation in Aglantha digitale (Hydromedusae: Trachylina). Cell Tissue Res.223,305-312.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01258491"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westfall, J. A. (1973). Ultrastructural evidence for a granule-containing sensory-motor-interneuron in Hydra littoralis. J. Ultrastr. Res.42,268-282.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(73)90055-5"},{"key":"2021042508395348200_REF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westfall, J. A. and Kinnamon, J. C. (1978). A second sensory-motorinterneuron with neurosecretory granules in Hydra. J. Neurocytol.7, 365-379.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01176999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/206\/14\/2487\/1245013\/2487.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/206\/14\/2487\/1245013\/2487.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T10:48:04Z","timestamp":1682506084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/206\/14\/2487\/13698\/Central-circuitry-in-the-jellyfish-Aglantha"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.00450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,15]]}}}