{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:16:46Z","timestamp":1791397006496,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lactate accumulation in osteoderms of the broad-nose caiman, Caiman latirostris, was determined following capture and surgery and after a period of forced submergence and related to concurrent values in blood. Control samples of bone and blood were taken after recovery from surgery and before submergence. In addition, samples of osteoderm were incubated in a lactate solution to determine equilibrium concentration, and additional samples were analyzed for elemental and CO2 concentrations. The composition of the osteoderms closely resembles that of typical vertebrate bone, with a high concentration of calcium and phosphate. Plasma and osteoderm lactate concentrations were both elevated following surgery and decreased significantly after 1 day of recovery. Submergence produced a typical lactate pattern in the plasma, with only a modest increase during the dive and then a sharp increase during recovery to a peak of 31.2\u00b11.9 \u03bcmol ml-1 after 1 h. When caimans were anesthetized 2 h after submergence, osteoderm lactate in the same animals was significantly increased to 14.8 \u03bcmol g-1 wet mass. The ratio of the osteoderm:plasma lactate concentration after submergence was similar to the ratio observed in the incubated samples, suggesting that osteoderm lactate concentrations in vivo were equilibrated with circulating plasma levels. We conclude that caiman osteoderms sequester lactate during lactic acidosis and that the time course is fast enough to have benefit to these animals following normal anaerobic burst activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,9]],"date-time":"2003-09-09T16:20:09Z","timestamp":1063124409000},"page":"3601-3606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Lactate sequestration by osteoderms of the broad-nose caiman,<i>Caiman latirostris<\/i>, following capture and forced submergence"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Donald C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis V.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aqu\u0308icultura, UNESP, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-970 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto S.","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Aqu\u0308icultura, UNESP, Caixa Postal 199, 13506-970 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, H. T. (1961). Physiological adjustments to prolonged diving in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis.Acta Physiol. Scand.53, 23-45.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1961.tb02261.x"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biltz, B. S. and Pellegrino, E. D. (1969). The chemical anatomy of bone. I. A comparative study of bone composition in sixteen vertebrates. J. Bone Joint Surg.51A,456-466.","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196951030-00003"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF3","unstructured":"Calder, W. A., III (1984). Size,Function, and Life History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, J. N. (1971). Rapid method for determination of total carbon dioxide in small blood samples. J. Appl. Physiol.31,632-634.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1971.31.4.632"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeFur, P. L., Wilkes, P. R. H. and McMahon, B.(1980). Non-equilibrium acid-base status in Cancer productus: role of exoskeletal carbonate buffers. Respir. Physiol.42,247-261.","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(80)90118-8"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irving, L. and Chute, A. L. (1932). The participation of the carbonates of bone in the neutralization of ingested acid. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol.2, 157-176.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030020205"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, D. C. (1997). Lactate accumulation in the shell of the turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii during anoxia at 3\u00b0C and 10\u00b0C. J. Exp. Biol.200,2295-2300.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.17.2295"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, D. C., Crocker, C. E. and Ultsch, G. R.(2000). Bone and shell contribution to lactic acid buffering of submerged turtles Chrysemys picta bellii at 3\u00b0C. Am. J. Physiol. Reg. Integ. Comp. Physiol.278,R1564-R1571.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.6.R1564"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, D. C., Goldberger, Z., Visuri, S. and Armstrong, R. N. (1999). Ionic exchanges of turtle shell in vitroand their relevance to shell function in the anoxic turtle. J. Exp. Biol.202,513-520.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.5.513"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, D. C. and Heisler, N. (1982). Plasma ion balance of submerged anoxic turtles at 3\u00b0C: the role of calcium lactate formation. Respir. Physiol.49,159-174.","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(82)90071-8"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, D. C., Wang, T., Koldkjaer, P. and Taylor, E. W.(2001). Lactate sequestration in the carapace of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes during exposure in air. J. Exp. Biol.204,941-946.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.5.941"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF12","unstructured":"Scholander, P. F. (1940). Experimental investigations on the respiratory function in diving mammals and birds. Hvalradets Skrifter22,1-131."},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholander, P. F. (1947). Analyzer for accurate estimation of respiratory gases in one-half cubic centimeter samples. J. Biol. Chem.167,235-250.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35161-X"},{"key":"2021042505080301400_REF14","unstructured":"Seidel, M. R. (1979). The osteoderms of the American alligator and their functional significance. Herpetologica35,375-380."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/206\/20\/3601\/1245787\/3601.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/206\/20\/3601\/1245787\/3601.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T17:25:17Z","timestamp":1623345917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/206\/20\/3601\/9316\/Lactate-sequestration-by-osteoderms-of-the-broad"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,15]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.00611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,15]]}}}