{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:29:34Z","timestamp":1791080974111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Teleost fish possess discrete blocks of oxidative red muscle (RM) and glycolytic white muscle, whereas tetrapod skeletal muscles are mixed oxidative\/glycolytic. It has been suggested that the anatomy of RM in teleost fish could lead to higher intramuscular O2 partial pressures(PO2) than in mammalian skeletal muscles. This study provides the first direct experimental support for this suggestion by using novel optical fibre sensors to discover a mean (\u00b1 s.e.m., N=6) normoxic steady-state red muscle PO2(PrmO2) of 61\u00b110 mmHg (1 mmHg=133.3 Pa) in free-swimming rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. This is significantly higher than literature reports for mammalian muscles,where the PO2 never exceeds 40 mmHg. Aerobic RM powers sustained swimming in rainbow trout. During graded incremental exercise, PrmO2 declined from 62\u00b15 mmHg at the lowest swim speed down to 45\u00b13 mmHg at maximum rates of aerobic work, but then rose again to 51\u00b15 mmHg at exhaustion. These measurements of PrmO2 during exercise indicated, therefore, that O2 supply to the RM was not a major limiting factor at exhaustion in trout. The current study found no evidence that teleost haemoglobins with a Root effect cause extremely elevated O2 tensions in aerobic tissues. Under normoxic conditions, PrmO2 was significantly lower than arterial PO2 (119\u00b15 mmHg), and remained lower when the arterial to tissue PO2 gradient was reduced by exposure to mild hypoxia. When two sequential levels of mild hypoxia (30 min at a water PO2 of 100 mmHg then 30 min at 75 mmHg) caused PaO2 to fall to 84\u00b12 mmHg then 61\u00b13 mmHg, respectively, this elicited simultaneous reductions in PrmO2, to 51\u00b16 mmHg then 41\u00b15 mmHg, respectively. Although these hypoxic reductions in PrmO2 were significantly smaller than those in PaO2, the effect could be attributed to the sigmoid shape of the trout haemoglobin\u2013O2 dissociation curve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,15]],"date-time":"2004-09-15T17:13:07Z","timestamp":1095268387000},"page":"3629-3637","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The effects of sustained exercise and hypoxia upon oxygen tensions in the red muscle of rainbow trout"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"D. 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