{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T22:26:15Z","timestamp":1773181575786,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study describes the mechanical role that cranial sutures play in fish during feeding. The long-term goal of our work is to establish relationships between suture form and function, so that functional inferences can be made from suture morphology in fossil taxa. To this end, strain gauges were surgically implanted across selected sutures in the skull roof of four individuals of Polypterus endlicherii. After surgery, bone and suture strains during feeding were recorded along with high-speed video of the feeding events. Each trial was designated as a suction feeding or biting on prey trial, and neurocranial elevation, hyoid position and gape were quantified to aid in interpreting the strain data. The strains due to suction feeding are different from those observed during biting. Suction feeding results in a fairly stereotyped strain pattern, with the interfrontal and frontoparietal sutures experiencing tension, while the interparietal suture is compressed. Biting causes much more variable strain patterns. However, both suction and biting result in compression in the back of the skull, and tension between the frontals. Peak strains, and the time at which they occur in the feeding cycle, were compared between suction and biting. In general, peak suture strains are higher during suction than during biting, but not all of these differences are significant. Peak suture and bone strains occur at or near maximum gape during both suction and biting, suggesting that these strains are caused by muscle contraction involved in mouth opening and closing. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) scans of the experimental specimens indicate that the interfrontal and frontoparietal sutures, typically loaded in tension, are less interdigitated in cross section than the interparietal suture, which experiences compression. This is consistent with published correlations of suture form and function in mammals, where interdigitated sutures indicate compression and lack of interdigitation is associated with tension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,18]],"date-time":"2006-05-18T20:37:43Z","timestamp":1147984663000},"page":"2085-2102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["<i>In vivo<\/i>cranial suture function and suture morphology in the extant fish<i>Polypterus<\/i>: implications for inferring skull function in living and fossil fish"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Molly J.","family":"Markey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University,USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell P.","family":"Main","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University,USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Marshall,","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University,USA"},{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University,USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfaro, M. E., Janovetz, J. and Westneat, M. W.(2001). Motor control across trophic strategies: muscle activity of biting and suction feeding fishes. Am. Zool.41,1266-1279.","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/41.6.1266"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF2","unstructured":"Allis, E. P. (1922). On the cranial anatomy of Polypterus, with special reference to Polypterus bichir.J. Anat.56,189-292."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF3","unstructured":"Bartsch, P. (1997). Aspects of craniogenesis and evolutionary biology in polypteriform fishes. Neth. J. Zool.47,365-381."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF4","unstructured":"Beaumont, E. I. (1977). Cranial morphology of the Loxommatidae (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.280,29-101."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behrents, R. G., Carlson, D. S. and Abdelnour, T.(1978). In vivo analysis of bone strain about the sagittal suture in Macaca mulatta during masticatory movements. J. Dent. Res.57,904-908.","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345780570091401"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF6","unstructured":"Bourbon, B. M. (1982). Deformation of cranial sutures during masticatory activity: a strain gauge application. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, USA."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF7","unstructured":"Carroll, R. L. (1988). Vertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution, 698 pp. New York: W. H. Freeman."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clack, J. A. (2002). The dermal skull roof of Acanthostega gunnari, an early tetrapod from the Late Devonian. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. Earth Sci.93, 17-33.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263593300000304"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF9","unstructured":"Clack, J. A. (2003). Gaining Ground:The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods,369 pp. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferry-Graham, L. A. and Lauder, G. V. (2001). Aquatic prey capture in ray-finned fishes: a century of progress and new directions. J. Morphol.248,99-119.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1023"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF11","unstructured":"Gans, C. (1960). Studies on amphisbaenids(Amphisbaenia, Reptilia). 1. A taxonomic revision of the Trogonophinae and a functional interpretation of the amphisbaenid adaptive pattern. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.119,129-203."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF12","unstructured":"Gerking, S. D. (1994). Feeding Ecology of Fish, 416 pp. San Diego:Academic Press."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF13","unstructured":"Grubich, J. R. (2001). Prey capture in actinopterygian fishes: a review of suction feeding motor patterns with new evidence from an elopomorph fish, Megalops atlanticus.Am. Zool.41,1258-1265."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF14","unstructured":"Heckel, J. J. (1847). Ichthyologie (von Syrien). In Reisen in Europa, Asien und Africa, mit besonderer Ru\u0308cksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verha\u0308ltnisse der betreffenden La\u0308nder unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841v. 1 (pt 2) (ed. J. von Russegger), pp.205-357.Stuttgart. Ichthyol. von Syrien."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herring, S. W. and Mucci, R. J. (1991). In vivo strain in cranial sutures: the zygomatic arch. J. Morphol.207,225-239.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052070302"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herring, S. W. and Ochareon, P. (2005). Bone-special problems of the craniofacial region. Orthod. Craniofac. Res. 8,174-182.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2005.00328.x"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herring, S. W. and Teng, S. (2000). Strain in the braincase and its sutures during function. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.112,575-593.","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200008)112:4<575::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janvier, P. (1996). Early Vertebrates: Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, No. 33. Oxford: Clarendon Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198540472.001.0001"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF19","unstructured":"Jarvik, E. (1947). Notes on the pit-lines and dermal bones of the head in Polypterus. Zool. Bidr. Upps.25,61-78."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaslow, C. R. and Biewener, A. A. (1995). Strain patterns in the horncores, cranial bones and sutures of goats(Capra hircus) during impact loading. J. Zool.235,193-210.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05137.x"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kathe, W. (1999). Comparative morphology and functional interpretation of the sutures in the dermal skull roof of temnospondyl amphibians. Zool. J. Linn. Soc.126, 1-39.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00605.x"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauder, G. V. (1980). Evolution of the feeding mechanism in primitive actinopterygian fishes: a functional anatomical analysis of Polypterus, Lepisosteus, and Amia.J. Morphol.163,283-317.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051630305"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauder, G. V. (1982). Structure and function in the tail of the Pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). J. Zool.197,483-495.","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.1982.197.4.483"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF24","unstructured":"Lauder, G. V. (1985). Aquatic feeding in lower vertebrates. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake), pp.210-229. Harvard: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauder, G. V. and Gillis, G. B. (1997). Origin of the amniote feeding mechanism: experimental analyses of outgroup clades. In Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land(ed. S. Sumida and K. Martin), pp. 169-206. San Diego: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012676460-4\/50007-X"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauder, G. V. and Lanyon, L. E. (1980). Functional anatomy of feeding in the bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus: in vivo measurement of bone strain. J. Exp. Biol.84,33-55.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.84.1.33"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauder, G. V. and Reilly, S. M. (1994). Amphibian feeding behavior: comparative biomechanics and evolution. In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology: Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates (ed. V. L. Bels, M. Chardon and P. Vandewalle), pp. 163-195. Berlin:Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-57906-6_7"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieberman, D. E., Krovitz, G. E., Yates, F. W., Devlin, M. and St. Claire, M. (2004). Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. J. Hum. Evol.46,655-677.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.03.005"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liem, K. F. (1978). Modulatory multiplicity in the functional repertoire of the feeding mechanism in cichlid fishes. I. Piscivores. J. Morphol.158,323-360.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051580305"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF30","unstructured":"Metzger, K. A. and Ross, C. F. (2004). In vivo loading patterns in the alligator mandible. J. Morphol.260,313A."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, M. and Osse, J. W. M. (1984). Hydrodynamics of suction feeding in fish. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.37,51-135.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00068.x"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noack, K., Zardoya, R. and Meyer, A. (1996). The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the bichir (Polypterus ornatipinnis), a basal ray-finned fish: Ancient establishment of the consensus vertebrate gene order. Genetics144,1165-1180.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/144.3.1165"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogle, R. C., Tholpady, S. S., McGlynn, K. A. and Ogle, R. A.(2004). Regulation of cranial suture morphogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs176, 54-66.","DOI":"10.1159\/000075027"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafferty, K. L. and Herring, S. W. (1999). Craniofacial sutures: morphology, growth, and in vivo masticatory strains. J. Morphol.242,167-179.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199911)242:2<167::AID-JMOR8>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, K. K. and Hylander, W. L. (1985). Strain gauge measurement of mesokinetic movement in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus.J. Exp. Biol.114, 53-70.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.114.1.53"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Lee, E. and Herring, S. W. (2004). Cranial sutures and bones: growth and fusion in relation to masticatory strain. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol.276,150-161.","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20002"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomason, J. J., Grovum, L. E., Deswysen, A. G. and Bignell. W. W. (2001). In vivo surface strain and stereology of the frontal and maxillary bones of sheep: implications for the structural design of the mammalian skull. Anat. Rec.264,325-338.","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.10025"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF38","unstructured":"Thomson, K. S. (1993). Segmentation, the adult skull, and the problem of homology. In The Skull, Vol. 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity (ed. J. Hanken and B. K. Hall), pp. 36-68. Chicago:University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF39","unstructured":"Thomson, K. S. (1995). Graphical analysis of dermal skull roof patterns. In Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology (ed. J. J. Thomason), pp.193-204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF40","unstructured":"Thomson, K. S. and Bossy, K. H. (1970). Adaptive trends and relationships in early Amphibia. Forma et Functio3,7-31."},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, B., Ning, Y. and Brenner, S. (1999). Late changes in spliceosomal introns define clades in vertebrate evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96,10267-10271.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10267"},{"key":"2021042510550886100_REF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westneat, M. W. (1990). Feeding mechanics of teleost fishes (Labridae: Perciformes): a test of four-bar linkage models. J. Morphol.205,269-295.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052050304"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/209\/11\/2085\/1256045\/2085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/209\/11\/2085\/1256045\/2085.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T12:59:01Z","timestamp":1707051541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/209\/11\/2085\/16188\/In-vivo-cranial-suture-function-and-suture"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.02266","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]}}}