{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:17:33Z","timestamp":1791206253617,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mechanical behavior of muscle during locomotion is often predicted by its anatomy, kinematics, activation pattern and contractile properties. The neuromuscular design of the cockroach leg provides a model system to examine these assumptions, because a single motor neuron innervates two extensor muscles operating at a single joint. Comparisons of the in situmeasurements under in vivo running conditions of muscle 178 to a previously examined muscle (179) demonstrate that the same inputs (e.g. neural signal and kinematics) can result in different mechanical outputs. The same neural signal and kinematics, as determined during running, can result in different mechanical functions, even when the two anatomically similar muscles possess the same contraction kinetics, force-velocity properties and tetanic force-length properties. Although active shortening greatly depressed force under in vivo-like strain and stimulation conditions, force depression was similarly proportional to strain, similarly inversely proportional to stimulation level, and similarly independent of initial length and shortening velocity between the two muscles. Lastly, passive pre-stretch enhanced force similarly between the two muscles. The forces generated by the two muscles when stimulated with their in vivo pattern at lengths equal to or shorter than rest length differed, however. Overall, differences between the two muscles in their submaximal force-length relationships can account for up to 75% of the difference between the two muscles in peak force generated at short lengths observed during oscillatory contractions. Despite the fact that these muscles act at the same joint, are stimulated by the same motor neuron with an identical pattern, and possess many of the same in vitro mechanical properties, the mechanical outputs of two leg extensor muscles can be vastly different.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,17]],"date-time":"2006-08-17T13:53:42Z","timestamp":1155822822000},"page":"3370-3382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i>\n                    muscle power differs without varying\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    mechanical properties in two insect leg muscles innervated by the same motor neuron"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"A. N.","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California,Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California,Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"Full","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California,Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, A. N. and Full, R. J. (2002). A motor and a brake: two leg extensor muscles acting at the same joint manage energy differently in a running insect. J. Exp. Biol.205,379-389.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.3.379"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askew, G. N. and Marsh, R. L. (1998). Optimal shortening velocity (V\/Vmax) of skeletal muscle during cyclical contractions: length-force effects and velocity-dependent activation and deactivation. J. Exp. Biol.201,1527-1540.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.10.1527"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagni, M. A., Cecchi, G. and Colomo, F. (1990). Myofilament spacing and force generation in intact frog muscle fibres. J. Physiol.430,61-75.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018281"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becht, G., Hoyle, G. and Unsherwood, P. N. R.(1960). Neuromuscular transmission in the coxal muscles of the cockroach. J. Insect Physiol.4, 191-201.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(60)90026-3"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF5","unstructured":"Brown, I. E. and Loeb, G. E. (2000). Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. III. The effects of stimulus frequency on stretch-induced force enhancement and shortening-induced force depression. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil.21, 21-31."},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF6","unstructured":"Brown, I. E., Cheng, E. J. and Loeb, G. E.(1999). Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. II. The effects of stimulus frequency and force-velocity relationships. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil.20,627-643."},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF7","unstructured":"Carbonell, C. S. (1947). The thoracic muscles of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.Smith. Misc. Coll.107,1-23."},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colomo, F., Lombardi, V. and Piazzesi, G.(1986). A velocity-dependent shortening depression in the development of the force-velocity relation in frog muscle fibres. J. Physiol.380,227-238.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016282"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"deHaan, A. (1998). The influence of stimulation frequency on force-velocity characteristics of in situ rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. Exp. Physiol.83, 77-84.","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1998.sp004093"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"deRuiter, C. J. and deHaan, A. (2003). Shortening-induced depression of voluntary force in unfatigued and fatigued human adductor pollicis muscle. J. Appl. Physiol.94, 69-74.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00672.2002"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"deRuiter, C. J., deHaan, A., Jones, D. A. and Sargeant, A. J. (1998). Shortening-induced force depression in human adductor pollicis muscles. J. Physiol.507,583-591.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.583bt.x"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickinson, M. H., Farley, C. T., Full, R. J., Koehl, M. A. R.,Kram, R. and Lehman, S. (2000). How animals move: an integrative view. Science288,100-106.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.100"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edman, K. A. P. (1975). Mechanical deactivation induced by active shortening in isolated muscle fibres of the frog. J. Physiol.246,255-275.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010889"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edman, K. A. P. (1979). The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres. J. Physiol.291,143-159.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012804"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edman, K. A. P. (1980). Depression and mechanical performance by active shortening during twitch and tetanus of vertebrate muscle fibres. Acta Physiol. Scand.109, 15-26.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1980.tb06559.x"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edman, K. A. P., Caputo, C. and Lou, F. (1993). Depression of tetanic force induced by loaded shortening of frog muscle fibres. J. Physiol.466,535-552.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019733"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekelund, M. C. and Edman, K. A. P. (1982). Shortening induced deactivation of skinned fibres of frog and mouse striated muscle. Acta Physiol. Scand.116,189-199.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07129.x"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs, F. and Wang, Y. P. (1996). Sarcomere length versus interfilament spacing as determinants of cardiac myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and Ca2+ binding. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.28,1375-1383.","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1996.0129"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Full, R. J. and Ahn, A. N. (1995). Static forces and moments generated in the insect leg: comparison of a three-dimensional musculo-skeletal computer model with experimental measurements. J. Exp. Biol.198,1285-1298.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.6.1285"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Full, R. J., Blickhan, B. and Ting, L. H.(1991). Leg design in hexapedal runners. J. Exp. Biol.158,369-390.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.158.1.369"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Full, R. J., Stokes, D. R., Ahn, A. N. and Josephson, R. K.(1998). Energy absorption during running by leg muscles in a cockroach. J. Exp. Biol.201,997-1012.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.7.997"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzog, W. and Leonard, T. R. (1997). Depression of cat soleus forces following isokinetic shortening. J. Biomech.30,865-572.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00046-8"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herzog, W., Leonard, T. R. and Wu, J. Z.(1998). Force depression following skeletal muscle shortening is long lasting. J. Biomech.31,1163-1168.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00126-2"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josephson, R. K. (1985). Mechanical power output from striated muscle during cyclic contraction. J. Exp. Biol.114,493-512.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.114.1.493"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josephson, R. K. (1999). Dissecting muscle power output. J. Exp. Biol.202,3369-3375.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.23.3369"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josephson, R. K. and Stokes, D. R. (1999). Work-dependent deactivation of a crustacean muscle. J. Exp. Biol.202,2551-2565.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.18.2551"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joyce, G. C., Rack, P. M. H. and Westbury, D. R.(1969). The mechanical properties of cat soleus muscle during controlled lengthening and shortening movements. J. Physiol.204,461-474.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008924"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF28","unstructured":"Ker, R. F. (1977). Some structural and mechanical properties of locust and beetle cuticle. PhD thesis,University of Oxford, UK."},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H. D., Suter, E. and Herzog, W. (2000). Effects of speed and distance of muscle shortening on force depression during voluntary contractions. J. Biomech.33,917-923.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00070-1"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marechal, G. and Plaghki, L. (1979). The deficit of the isometric tetanic tension redeveloped after a release of frog muscle at a constant velocity. J. Gen. Physiol.73,453-467.","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.73.4.453"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijer, K. (2002). History dependence of force production in submaximal stimulated rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol.12,463-470.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00040-8"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, C. R., Tarras, M. S. and Stokes, D. R.(1980). Histochemical demonstration of enzymatic heterogeneity within the mesocoxal and metacoxal muscles of Periplaneta americana.J. Insect Physiol.26,481-486.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(80)90120-1"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutungi, G. and Ranatunga, K. W. (2001). The effects of ramp stretches on active contractions in intact mammalian fast and slow muscle fibres. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil.22,175-184.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010556623905"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, K. G. and Iles, J. F. (1971). Innervation of coxal depressor muscles in the cockroach Periplaneta americana.J. Exp. Biol.54,215-232.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.54.1.215"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perreault, E. J., Heckman, C. J. and Sandercock, T. G.(2003). Hill muscle model errors during movement are greatest within the physiologically relevant range of motor unit firing rates. J. Biomech.36,211-218.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00332-9"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF36","unstructured":"Pipa, R. L. and Cook, E. F. (1959). Studies on the hexapod nervous system. I. The peripheral distribution of the thoracic nerves of the adult cockroach, Periplaneta americana.Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.52,695-710."},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rack, P. M. H. and Westbury, D. R. (1969). The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle. J. Physiol.204,443-460.","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008923"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandercock, T. G. and Heckman, C. J. (1997). Doublet potentiation during eccentric and concentric contractions of cat soleus muscle. J. Appl. Physiol.82,1219-1228.","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.4.1219"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephenson, D. G. and Wendt, I. R. (1984). Length dependence of changes in sarcoplasmic calcium concentration and myofibrillar calcium sensitivity in striated muscle fibres. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil.5,243-272.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00713107"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stokes, D. R. (1987). Insect muscles innervated by single motoneurons: structural and biochemical features. Am. Zool.27,1001-1010.","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/27.4.1001"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stokes, D. R., Vitale, A. J. and Morgan, C. R.(1979). Enzyme histochemistry of the mesocoxal muscles of Periplaneta americana.Cell Tissue Res.198,175-189.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234844"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usherwood, P. N. R. (1962). The nature of`slow' and `fast' contractions in the coxal muscles of the cockroach. J. Insect Physiol.8,31-52.","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(62)90052-5"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y. P. and Fuchs, F. (2000). Length-dependent effects of osmotic compression on skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil.21,313-319.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005679215704"},{"key":"2021042510150962400_REF44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlfart, B. and Edman, K. A. P. (1994). Rectangular hyperbola fitted to muscle force-velocity data using three-dimensional regression analysis. Exp. Physiol.79,235-239.","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1994.sp003756"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/209\/17\/3370\/1257029\/3370.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/209\/17\/3370\/1257029\/3370.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T20:08:13Z","timestamp":1707163693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/209\/17\/3370\/16265\/In-situ-muscle-power-differs-without-varying-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.02392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]}}}