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Neuroscientists can produce this degree of selectivity by targeting specific brain areas. Parasites, however, do not selectively attack discrete brain areas. Parasites typically induce a variety of effects in several parts of the brain. Parasitic manipulation of host behaviour evolved within the context of the manipulation of other host physiological systems (especially the immune system) that was required for a parasite\u2019s survival. This starting point, coupled with the fortuitous nature of evolutionary innovation and evolutionary pressures to minimize the costs of parasitic manipulation, likely contributed to the complex and indirect nature of the mechanisms involved in host behavioural control. Because parasites and neuroscientists use different tactics to control behaviour, studying the methods used by parasites can provide novel insights into how nervous systems generate and regulate behaviour. Studying how parasites influence host behaviour will also help us integrate genomic, proteomic and neurophysiological perspectives on behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.073601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,5]],"date-time":"2012-12-05T18:10:51Z","timestamp":1354731051000},"page":"3-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Parasites: evolution\u2019s neurobiologists"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Shelley Anne","family":"Adamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042506523819800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/480161a","article-title":"Novartis to shut brain research facility","volume":"480","author":"Abbott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042506523819800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10829","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2246-11.2011","article-title":"Optogenetic interrogation of dopaminergic modulation of the multiple phases of reward-seeking behavior","volume":"31","author":"Adamantidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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