{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T01:27:18Z","timestamp":1782869238176,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs (crocodylians and birds), recent work has reported that elbow joint range of motion (ROM) studies of fossil dinosaur forearms may be providing conservative underestimates of fully fleshed in vivo ROM. Since humeral ROM occupies a more central role in forelimb movements, the placement of quantitative constraints on shoulder joint ROM could improve fossil reconstructions. Here, we investigated whether soft tissues affect the more mobile shoulder joint in the same manner in which they affect elbow joint ROM in an extant archosaur. This test involved separately and repeatedly measuring humeral ROM in Alligator mississippiensis as soft tissues were dissected away in stages to bare bone. Our data show that the ROMs of humeral flexion and extension, as well as abduction and adduction, both show a statistically significant increase as flesh is removed, but then decrease when the bones must be physically articulated and moved until they separate from one another and\/or visible joint surfaces. A similar ROM pattern is inferred for humeral pronation and supination. All final skeletonized ROMs were less than initial fully fleshed ROMs. These results are consistent with previously reported elbow joint ROM patterns from the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs. Thus, studies that avoid separation of complementary articular surfaces may be providing fossil shoulder joint ROMs that underestimate in vivo ROM in dinosaurs, as well as other fossil archosaurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]],"date-time":"2012-09-15T01:15:48Z","timestamp":1347671748000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Using the American alligator and a repeated-measures design to place constraints on<i>in vivo<\/i>shoulder joint range of motion in dinosaurs and other fossil archosaurs"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Hutson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Elgin Community College;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelda N.","family":"Hutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Lake County"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042507061372000_R1","first-page":"583","article-title":"Essai sur l'appareil locomoteur des oiseaux","volume-title":"Th\u00e8se pour le Doctorat \u00e8s sciences naturelles","author":"Alix","year":"1874"},{"key":"2021042507061372000_R2","unstructured":"Bennett\u2008S. 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