{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T16:04:01Z","timestamp":1757779441249,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chicks initiate bilateral alternating steps several days before hatching and adaptively walk within hours after hatching, but emergence of precocious walking skills is not well understood. One of our aims is to determine if interactions between environment and movement experience prior to hatching are instrumental in establishing precocious motor skills. However, physiological evidence of proprioceptor development in the chick has yet to be established; thus, one goal of this study was to determine when in embryogenesis proprioception circuits can code change in muscle length. A second goal was to determine if proprioception circuits can modulate leg muscle activity during repetitive limb movements for stepping (RLMs). We hypothesized that proprioception circuits code changes in muscle length and\/or tension, and modulate locomotor circuits producing RLMs in anticipation of adaptive locomotion at hatching. To this end, leg muscle activity and kinematics were recorded in embryos during normal posture and after fitting one ankle with a restraint that supported the limb in an atypical posture. We tested the hypotheses by comparing leg muscle activity during spontaneous RLMs in control posture and ankle extension restraint. Results indicated that proprioceptors detect changes in muscle length and\/or muscle tension 3 days before hatching. Ankle extension restraint produced autogenic excitation of the ankle flexor and reciprocal inhibition of the ankle extensor. Restraint also modified knee extensor activity during RLMs 1 day before hatching. We consider the strengths and limitations of these results and propose that proprioception contributes to precocious locomotor development during the final 3 days before hatching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.093567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,22]],"date-time":"2013-11-22T01:32:56Z","timestamp":1385083976000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spontaneous locomotor activity in late-stage chicken embryos is modified by stretch of leg muscles"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Nina S.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, USA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young U.","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Daegu, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie C.","family":"Yeseta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa Colina Centers for Rehabilitation, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042508115941000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5748(00)00089-7","article-title":"Spontaneous embryonic motility: an enduring legacy","volume":"19","author":"Bekoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. 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