{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:26:52Z","timestamp":1761197212488,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Organisms are continuously exposed to reactive chemicals capable of causing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases (SODs) and catalases, are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and provide an important means of neutralizing such oxidants. Studies in cnidarians have previously documented the occurrence of antioxidant enzymes (transcript expression, protein expression, and\/or enzymatic activity), but most of these studies have not been conducted in species with sequenced genomes or included phylogenetic analyses, making it difficult to compare results across species due to uncertainties in the relationships between genes. Through searches of the genome of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis Stephenson, one catalase gene and six SOD family members were identified, including three copper zinc SODs (CuZnSODs), two manganese SODs (MnSODs), and one copper chaperone of SOD (CCS). In 24-hour acute toxicity tests, juvenile N. vectensis showed enhanced sensitivity to combinations of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, specifically pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and fluoranthene) relative to either stressor alone. Adult N. vectensis exhibited little or no mortality following UV, benzo[a]pyrene or crude oil exposure but exhibited changes in gene expression. Antioxidant enzyme transcripts were both up- and downregulated following UV and\/or chemical exposure. Expression patterns were most strongly affected by UV exposure but varied between experiments, suggesting that responses vary according to the intensity and duration of exposure. These experiments provide a basis for comparison with other cnidarian taxa and for further studies of the oxidative stress response in N. vectensis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.093690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]],"date-time":"2014-01-17T04:40:56Z","timestamp":1389933656000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Activation of the cnidarian oxidative stress response by ultraviolet light, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and crude oil"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Tarrant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Reitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Charlotte, United States;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun K.","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Jenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042508323811100_R1","article-title":"UV-photoactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the sensitivity of sediment-dwelling estuarine organisms","volume-title":"Transcript of the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Workshop on UV-Radiation and its Effects: An Update","author":"Ahrens","year":"2002"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2012.747117","article-title":"Methodological approaches for nanotoxicology using cnidarian models","volume":"23","author":"Ambrosone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1996.0001","article-title":"The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: a review","volume":"33","author":"Arfsten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13555","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207493109","article-title":"Human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1) maturation through interaction with human copper chaperone for SOD1 (hCCS)","volume":"109","author":"Banci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210224110","article-title":"Genomic basis for coral resilience to climate change","volume":"110","author":"Barshis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.02.039","article-title":"Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embryo-larval bioassays","volume":"57","author":"Bellas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R7","first-page":"235","article-title":"Photoinduced toxicity of PAHs and alkylated PAHs to a marine infaunal amphipod (Rhepoxynius abronius)","volume":"34","author":"Boese","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3354\/meps242119","article-title":"Exploring the basis of thermotolerance in the reef coral Goniastrea aspera","volume":"242","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90183-4","article-title":"Role of activated oxygen species in benzo[a]pyrene:DNA adduct formation in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Bryla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3206-5","article-title":"Diversity of structures and properties among catalases","volume":"61","author":"Chelikani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(03)46004-5","article-title":"Coral bleaching \u2013 capacity for acclimatization and adaptation","volume":"46","author":"Coles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R12","first-page":"57","article-title":"A new sea anemone from Woods Hole, Massachusetts","volume":"36","author":"Crowell","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Wash. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08194","article-title":"Variation in antioxidant gene expressionin the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora under laboratory thermal stress","volume":"392","author":"Cs\u00e1sz\u00e1r","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20181","article-title":"Rising starlet: the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis","volume":"27","author":"Darling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.04.015","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a catalase from Hydra vulgaris","volume":"501","author":"Dash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2006.08.020","article-title":"Molecular characterization of two superoxide dismutases from Hydra vulgaris","volume":"387","author":"Dash","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R17","first-page":"219","article-title":"Phototoxicity inaquatic environments","volume-title":"UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Environments","author":"Diamond","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s101260000038","article-title":"A molecular biomarker system for assessing the health of coral (Montastraea faveolata) during heat stress","volume":"2","author":"Downs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00907-3","article-title":"Oxidative stress and seasonal coral bleaching","volume":"33","author":"Downs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1897\/05-509R1.1","article-title":"Cellular physiological effects of the MV Kyowa violet fuel-oil spill on the hard coral, Porites lobata","volume":"25","author":"Downs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","article-title":"MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput","volume":"32","author":"Edgar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-008-9534-2","article-title":"Biochemical responses of cnidarian larvae to mercury and benzo(a)pyrene exposure","volume":"81","author":"Farina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.61.1.243","article-title":"Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: evolutionary and ecological physiology","volume":"61","author":"Feder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2012.653887","article-title":"Phototoxicity and environmental transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-light-induced reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage","volume":"30","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-008-9107-5","article-title":"Environmental sensing and response genes in cnidaria: the chemical defensome in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis","volume":"24","author":"Goldstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520903388715","article-title":"Uptake and biochemical response of B[a]P in the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima","volume":"45","author":"G\u00f3mez-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox. Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/24.8.956644","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of catalase and l-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase in microperoxisomes of Hydra","volume":"24","author":"Hand","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2307\/1352679","article-title":"The unique, widely distributed sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis Stephenson; a review, new facts, and questions","volume":"17","author":"Hand","year":"1994","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-005-0656-5","article-title":"Acute and chronic toxicity test methods for Nematostella vectensis Stephenson","volume":"74","author":"Harter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868146","article-title":"A new biochemical marker for foot-specific cell differentiation in hydra","volume":"194","author":"Hoffmeister","year":"1985","journal-title":"Roux's Arch. Develop. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011807","article-title":"Identification and in vivo characterization of NvFP-7R, a developmentally regulated red fluorescent protein of Nematostella vectensis","volume":"5","author":"Ikmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0427","article-title":"Dimethyl sulfoxide has an impact on epigenetic profile in mouse embryoid body","volume":"24","author":"Iwatani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347286","article-title":"The fate of benzo[a]pyrene in the scleractinian corals Favia fragum and Montastrea annularis","volume":"113","author":"Kennedy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2010.12.005","article-title":"Ultraviolet B retards growth, induces oxidative stress, and modulates DNA repair-related gene and heat shock protein gene expression in the monogonont rotifer, Brachionus sp","volume":"101","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35393","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807131200","article-title":"Instability of superoxide dismutase 1 of Drosophila in mutants deficient for its cognate copper chaperone","volume":"283","author":"Kirby","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3354\/meps217251","article-title":"Effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on larval settlement of the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis","volume":"217","author":"Kuffner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2004.08.012","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase evolution and life span regulation","volume":"126","author":"Landis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7663","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307605101","article-title":"Similar gene expression patterns characterize aging and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"101","author":"Landis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380050073","article-title":"Oxidative stress causes coral bleaching during exposure to elevated temperatures","volume":"16","author":"Lesser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.68.040104.110001","article-title":"Oxidative stress in marine environments: biochemistry and physiological ecology","volume":"68","author":"Lesser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265015","article-title":"Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active oxygen","volume":"8","author":"Lesser","year":"1990","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.12.024","article-title":"Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in concurrently monitored surface seawater and sediment along Dalian coast after oil spill","volume":"90","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.495","article-title":"Predicting bioavailability of PAHs and PCBs with porewater concentrations measured by solid-phase microextraction fibers","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(02)00124-1","article-title":"Phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene to embryo-larval stages of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas","volume":"54","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1021\/es950909v","article-title":"Partitioning of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons between sediments from San Francisco Bay and their porewaters","volume":"30","author":"Maruya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.10.038","article-title":"Catalase characterization and implication in bleaching of a symbiotic sea anemone","volume":"42","author":"Merle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"volume-title":"Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates and Effects: Report of the National Research Council","year":"1985","author":"NRC","key":"2021042508323811100_R47"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e782","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000782","article-title":"The p53 tumor suppressor-like protein nvp63 mediates selective germ cell death in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis","volume":"2","author":"Pankow","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-1136(95)00044-5","article-title":"Phototoxicity in tropical reef animals","volume":"42","author":"Peachey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620161029","article-title":"Phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum to marine invertebrate larvae and juveniles","volume":"16","author":"Pelletier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.043","article-title":"Molecular characterization of two CuZn-superoxide dismutases in a sea anemone","volume":"37","author":"Plantivaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1040850305","article-title":"Differentiation of erythroleukemic cells in vitro: irreversible induction by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)","volume":"85","author":"Preisler","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R53","first-page":"348","article-title":"Induction of mixed-function oxygenase system and antioxidant enzymes in the coral Montastrea faveolata on acute exposure to benzo(a)pyrene","volume":"144C","author":"Ramos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-007-9196-8","article-title":"Global population genetic structure of the starlet anemone Nematostella vectensis: multiple introductions and implications for conservation policy","volume":"10","author":"Reitzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2307\/25470666","article-title":"Genomic survey of candidate stress-response genes in the estuarine anemone Nematostella vectensis","volume":"214","author":"Reitzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012805","article-title":"Light entrained rhythmic gene expression in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis: the evolution of the animal circadian clock","volume":"5","author":"Reitzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(03)00049-7","article-title":"Characterization of superoxide dismutases in anoxia- and hyperoxia-tolerant symbiotic cnidarians","volume":"1621","author":"Richier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R58","first-page":"283","article-title":"Response of the symbiotic cnidarian Anthopleura elegantissima transcriptome to temperature and UV increase","volume":"3D","author":"Richier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(79)90402-8","article-title":"Laboratory experiments on the effects of crude oil on the Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata","volume":"10","author":"Rinkevich","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg180","article-title":"MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models","volume":"19","author":"Ronquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1897\/05-510R2.1","article-title":"Alteration of normal cellular profiles in the Scleractinian coral (Pocillopora damicornis) following laboratory exposure to fuel oil","volume":"25","author":"Roug\u00e9e","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"volume-title":"Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates","year":"1983","author":"Rudy","key":"2021042508323811100_R62"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.01.045","article-title":"Toxicity and phototoxicity of water-accommodated fraction obtained from Prestige fuel oil and Marine fuel oil evaluated by marine bioassays","volume":"394","author":"Saco-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/35048564","article-title":"Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective","volume":"408","author":"Salih","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620171017","article-title":"In vitro induction of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase and porphyrins by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in avian primary hepatocytes","volume":"17","author":"Sanderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2010.10.004","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of dimethyl sulfoxide and its viability as a solvent in the evaluation of neuroprotective antioxidants","volume":"63","author":"Sanmart\u00edn-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.1021\/es0704582","article-title":"Short and long term toxicity of crude oil and oil dispersants to two representative coral species","volume":"41","author":"Shafir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155802","article-title":"Mycosporine-like amino acids and related Gadusols: biosynthesis, acumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms","volume":"64","author":"Shick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.29.510","article-title":"The repertoire of chemical defense genes in the coral Acropora digitifera genome","volume":"29","author":"Shinzato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoolog. Sci."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02923.x","article-title":"A multilocus, temperature stress-related gene expression profile assay in Acropora millepora, a dominant reef-building coral","volume":"11","author":"Souter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl446","article-title":"RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models","volume":"22","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707388105","article-title":"Enzymes of the shikimic acid pathway encoded in the genome of a basal metazoan, Nematostella vectensis, have microbial origins","volume":"105","author":"Starcevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2007.12.016","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress in Carassius auratus liver, exposed to pyrene","volume":"71","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-258","article-title":"Generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont","volume":"10","author":"Sunagawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.048959","article-title":"Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Cnidaria","volume":"138","author":"Technau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.1000123","article-title":"Phototoxic assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using NIH-3T3 and L-929 cell lines","volume":"2","author":"Tobit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AIDS Clinic. Res."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R77","first-page":"483","article-title":"Activities of enzymes in b-carboxylation reactions and catalase in cell-free preparations from the symbiotic dinoflagellates Sybiodinium spp. from a coral, a clam, a zoanthid and two sea anemones","volume":"228","author":"Tytler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00526-6","article-title":"Singlet oxygen involvement in ultraviolet (254 nm) radiation-induced formation of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine in DNA","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8273","DOI":"10.1021\/es050475w","article-title":"Abundance, composition, and vertical transport of PAHs in marsh sediments","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2011.556546","article-title":"Sources and fate of PAHs and PCBs in the marine environment","volume":"42","author":"Wolska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040461197","article-title":"Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is essential to activate mammalian Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase","volume":"97","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.09.019","article-title":"Quercetin prevents necrotic cell death induced by co-exposure to benzo(a)pyrene and UVA radiation","volume":"22","author":"Woo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R83","article-title":"UVA photoirradiation of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites: induction of cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.01.017","article-title":"Molecular evolution of hydrogen peroxide degrading enzymes","volume":"525","author":"Z\u00e1mock\u00fd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00905-X","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase multigene family: a comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression","volume":"33","author":"Zelko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2021042508323811100_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050549","article-title":"Dispersants as used in response to the MC252-spill lead to higher mobility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil-contaminated Gulf of Mexico sand","volume":"7","author":"Zuijdgeest","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/217\/9\/1444\/1883426\/1444.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.093690\/2037495\/jeb_093690.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.093690\/2037495\/jeb_093690.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T20:06:55Z","timestamp":1621368415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.093690\/257536\/Activation-of-the-cnidarian-oxidative-stress"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"references-count":86,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.093690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-9145"},{"type":"print","value":"0022-0949"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"article-number":"jeb.093690"}}