{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:59:45Z","timestamp":1792425585028,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Widely ranging marine predators often adopt stereotyped, energy-saving behaviours to minimize the energetic cost of transport while maximizing energy gain. Environmental and anthropogenic disturbances can disrupt energy balance by prompting avoidance behaviours that increase transport costs, thereby decreasing foraging efficiency. We examined the ability of 12 free-ranging, juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) to mitigate the effects of experimentally increased transport costs by modifying their behaviour and\/or energy use in a compensatory manner. Under normal locomotion, elephant seals had low energy requirements (106.5\u00b128.2 kJ kg\u22121 day\u22121), approaching or even falling below predictions of basal requirements. Seals responded to a small increase in locomotion costs by spending more time resting between dives (149\u00b144 s) compared with matched control treatments (102\u00b111 s; P&amp;lt;0.01). Despite incurred costs, most other dive and transit behaviours were conserved across treatments, including fixed, rhythmic swimming gaits. Because of this, and because each flipper stroke had a predictable effect on total costs (P&amp;lt;0.001), total energy expenditure was strongly correlated with time spent at sea under both treatments (P&amp;lt;0.0001). These results suggest that transiting elephant seals have a limited capacity to modify their locomotory behaviour without increasing their transport costs. Based on this, we conclude that elephant seals and other ocean predators occupying similar niches may be particularly sensitive to increased transport costs incurred when avoiding unanticipated disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.094201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1398899175000},"page":"1485-1495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Free-swimming northern elephant seals have low field metabolic rates that are sensitive to an increased cost of transport"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Maresh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"},{"name":"Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Crocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte I.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrie M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042508335318100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.12.1747","article-title":"High feeding costs limit dive time in the largest whales","volume":"205","author":"Acevedo-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/17687","article-title":"Bioenergetics. One price to run, swim or fly?","volume":"397","author":"Alexander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.15.2083","article-title":"Heart rates of northern elephant seals diving at sea and resting on the beach","volume":"200","author":"Andrews","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05477.x","article-title":"The relationship between foraging behaviour and energy expenditure in Antarctic fur seals","volume":"239","author":"Arnould","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005596","article-title":"Physical controls on the seasonal migration of the North Pacific transition zone chlorophyll front","volume":"115","author":"Ayers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res Oceans"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10082","article-title":"Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean","volume":"475","author":"Block","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3354\/meps158267","article-title":"Role of marine mammals in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"158","author":"Bowen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2307\/2390559","article-title":"Validation of heart rate and doubly labelled water as measures of metabolic rate during swimming in California sea lions","volume":"9","author":"Boyd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050326","article-title":"Variation in foraging effort by lactating Antarctic fur seals: response to simulated increased foraging costs","volume":"40","author":"Boyd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R10","volume-title":"The Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals: A Draft Research Strategy","author":"Boyd","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R11","first-page":"488","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"2002"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.3.837","article-title":"Physiology of diving of birds and mammals","volume":"77","author":"Butler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.165.1.181","article-title":"Metabolic rates of freely diving Weddell seals: correlations with oxygen stores, swim velocity and diving duration","volume":"165","author":"Castellini","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1139\/z03-179","article-title":"A test of hypotheses based on optimal foraging considerations for a diving mammal using a novel experimental approach","volume":"81","author":"Cornick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.01.010","article-title":"Effects of increased swimming costs on foraging behavior and efficiency of captive Steller sea lions: evidence for behavioral plasticity in the recovery phase of dives","volume":"333","author":"Cornick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R16","first-page":"43","article-title":"Isotopic methods for quantifying material and energy intake of free-ranging marine mammals","volume-title":"Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics","author":"Costa","year":"1987"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R17","first-page":"293","article-title":"The relationship between reproductive and foraging energetics and the evolution of the Pinnipedia","volume-title":"Symposium of the Zoological Society of London","author":"Costa","year":"1993"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-373553-9.00091-2","article-title":"Energetics","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals","author":"Costa","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7311-5_96","article-title":"A bioenergetics approach to developing a population consequences of acoustic disturbance model","volume-title":"The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology","author":"Costa","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.23.3655","article-title":"Foraging energetics and diving behavior of lactating New Zealand sea lions, Phocarctos hookeri","volume":"203","author":"Costa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2003)073[0027:EOABDS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Energetics of a benthic diver: Seasonal foraging ecology of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea","volume":"73","author":"Costa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R22","first-page":"176","article-title":"Marine mammal energetics","volume-title":"Biology of Marine Mammals","author":"Costa","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1538248","article-title":"The effect of a low-frequency sound source (acoustic thermometry of the ocean climate) on the diving behavior of juvenile northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris","volume":"113","author":"Costa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1139\/z97-004","article-title":"Drift diving in female northern elephant seals: implications for food processing","volume":"75","author":"Crocker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836901000784","article-title":"Swimming speed and foraging strategies of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)","volume":"254","author":"Crocker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps309001","article-title":"Impact of El Ni\u00f1o on the foraging behavior of female northern elephant seals","volume":"309","author":"Crocker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.58.5.30158585","article-title":"Swimming metabolism of yearling and adult harbor seals Phoca vitulina","volume":"58","author":"Davis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R28","first-page":"556","article-title":"Water and air physical characteristics and their physiological consequences","volume-title":"Comparative Physiology: Life in Water and on Land","author":"Dejours","year":"1987"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(97)00042-8","article-title":"Neural control of locomotion; the central pattern generator from cats to humans","volume":"7","author":"Duysens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5388.473","article-title":"Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems","volume":"282","author":"Estes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205106","article-title":"Trophic downgrading of planet Earth","volume":"333","author":"Estes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9940079","article-title":"Influence of hydrodynamic design and propulsive mode on mammalian swimming energetics","volume":"42","author":"Fish","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.137.1.157","article-title":"Kinematics and estimated thrust production of swimming harp and ringed seals","volume":"137","author":"Fish","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.98.1.1","article-title":"On peripheral control mechanisms acting on the central pattern generators for swimming in the dogfish","volume":"98","author":"Grillner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.08.030185.001313","article-title":"Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates","volume":"8","author":"Grillner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.05.006","article-title":"Effect of animal-borne camera and flash on the diving behaviour of the female Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella)","volume":"55","author":"Heaslip","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.3.531","article-title":"The metabolic cost of swimming in marine homeotherms","volume":"200","author":"Hind","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R38","first-page":"R562","article-title":"Glucose oxidation and nonoxidative glucose disposal during prolonged fasts of the northern elephant seal pup (Mirounga angustirostris)","volume":"303","author":"Houser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/292239a0","article-title":"Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses","volume":"292","author":"Hoyt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12086","article-title":"The relationship between body mass and field metabolic rate among individual birds and mammals","volume":"82","author":"Hudson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.19.3273","article-title":"Standard metabolic rate at the surface and during trained submersions in adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)","volume":"204","author":"Hurley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2008.03.014","article-title":"Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: a review","volume":"21","author":"Ijspeert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R43","unstructured":"Innes\u2008H. S. (1984). Swimming Energetics, Metabolic Rates and Hind Limb Muscle Anatomy of Some Phocid Seals. PhD dissertation, University of Guelph, ON, Canada."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acoustic determination of activity and flipper stroke rate in foraging northern fur seal females","volume":"3","author":"Insley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endang. Species Res."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-114X(02)00124-6","article-title":"Gaits and energetics in terrestrial legged locomotion","volume":"38","author":"Kar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mech. Machine Theory"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.068833","article-title":"Sex differences in fuel use and metabolism during development in fasting juvenile northern elephant seals","volume":"215","author":"Kelso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R47","first-page":"454","volume-title":"The Fire of Life: An Introduction to Animal Energetics","author":"Kleiber","year":"1975"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(88)80336-9","article-title":"Theoretical model of migration energetics in the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus","volume":"133","author":"Kshatriya","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1525\/cond.2010.090022","article-title":"Abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the dive performance of common eiders","volume":"112","author":"Latty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1139\/z86-047","article-title":"Metabolic rates of seals and whales","volume":"64","author":"Lavigne","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-064","article-title":"Continuous, deep diving in female northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris","volume":"66","author":"Le Boeuf","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1139\/z92-111","article-title":"Swim speed in a female northern elephant seal: metabolic and foraging implications","volume":"70","author":"Le Boeuf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R53","first-page":"193","article-title":"Diving behavior of elephant seals: implications for predator avoidance","volume-title":"Great White Sharks: The Biology of Carcharodon carcharias","author":"Le Boeuf","year":"1998"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2000)070[0353:FEONES]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Foraging ecology of northern elephant seals","volume":"70","author":"Le Boeuf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01164.x","article-title":"Effects of video camera attachment on the foraging behavior of immature Hawaiian monk seals","volume":"20","author":"Littnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1086\/656426","article-title":"Energetic costs and thermoregulation in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pups: the importance of behavioral strategies for thermal balance in furred marine mammals","volume":"83","author":"Liwanag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2937268","article-title":"The influence of food habits on the energetics of eutherian mammals","volume":"56","author":"McNab","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-167","article-title":"The standard energetics of mammalian carnivores: Felidae and Hyaenidae","volume":"78","author":"McNab","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00369","article-title":"Predicting metabolic rate from heart rate in juvenile Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus","volume":"206","author":"McPhee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0719","article-title":"Three-dimensional resting behaviour of northern elephant seals: drifting like a falling leaf","volume":"6","author":"Mitani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2002)028<0251:SSEOEM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Swimming speed estimation of extinct marine reptiles: energetic approach revisited","volume":"28","author":"Motani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R62","volume-title":"The Doubly Labeled Water (3HH18O) Method: A Guide to its Use, Issue 12, Part 1417","author":"Nagy","year":"1983"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/1942620","article-title":"Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds","volume":"57","author":"Nagy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01553","article-title":"Field metabolic rate and body size","volume":"208","author":"Nagy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R65","first-page":"R454","article-title":"Water flux in animals: analysis of potential errors in the tritiated water method","volume":"238","author":"Nagy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.19.1.247","article-title":"Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds","volume":"19","author":"Nagy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1086\/342254","article-title":"Thermoregulation of weaned northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups in air and water","volume":"75","author":"Noren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00714.x","article-title":"Homing behavior of juvenile northern elephant seals","volume":"14","author":"Oliver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar. Mamm. Sci."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.51.2.30157864","article-title":"Water and energy flux in elephant seal pups fasting under natural conditions","volume":"51","author":"Ortiz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.137.1.207","article-title":"Preferred speeds in terrestrial vertebrates: are they equivalent?","volume":"137","author":"Perry","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6611(01)00036-2","article-title":"The transition zone chlorophyll front, a dynamic global feature defining migration and forage habitat for marine resources","volume":"49","author":"Polovina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.66.5.30163821","article-title":"Determinants of the aerobic dive limit of Weddell seals: analysis of diving metabolic rates, postdive end tidal PO2s, and blood and muscle oxygen stores","volume":"66","author":"Ponganis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R73","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2012). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at: http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04776.x","article-title":"Rates of water turnover and energy expenditure of free-living male common seals (Phoca vitulina)","volume":"223","author":"Reilly","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.11.020","article-title":"A comparison of indirect measures of feeding behaviour based on ARGOS tracking data","volume":"54","author":"Robinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part 2 Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01735.x","article-title":"Measurements of foraging success in a highly pelagic marine predator, the northern elephant seal","volume":"79","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036728","article-title":"Foraging behavior and success of a mesopelagic predator in the northeast Pacific Ocean: insights from a data-rich species, the northern elephant seal","volume":"7","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00265","article-title":"Factors affecting stroking patterns and body angle in diving Weddell seals under natural conditions","volume":"206","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.0005","article-title":"Stroke frequency, but not swimming speed, is related to body size in free-ranging seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans","volume":"274","author":"Sato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1515","article-title":"Scaling of swim speed and stroke frequency in geometrically similar penguins: they swim optimally to minimize cost of transport","volume":"277","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4045.222","article-title":"Locomotion: energy cost of swimming, flying, and running","volume":"177","author":"Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00254","article-title":"Climate-scale hydrographic features related to foraging success in a capital breeder, the northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris","volume":"10","author":"Simmons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endang. Species Res."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.20.2749","article-title":"The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). II. Biomechanics and changes in buoyancy at depth","volume":"202","author":"Skrovan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2007.01368.x","article-title":"Estimating field metabolic rates of pinnipeds: doubly labelled water gets the seal of approval","volume":"22","author":"Sparling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R85","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Doubly Labelled Water: Theory and Practice","author":"Speakman","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2010.01689.x","article-title":"Maximal heat dissipation capacity and hyperthermia risk: neglected key factors in the ecology of endotherms","volume":"79","author":"Speakman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12111","article-title":"Development enhances hypometabolism in northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris)","volume":"27","author":"Tift","year":"2013","journal-title":"Func. Ecol"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02402","article-title":"Body density affects stroke patterns in Baikal seals","volume":"209","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1086\/515894","article-title":"Heart rate and oxygen consumption of northern elephant seals during diving in the laboratory","volume":"71","author":"Webb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.16.2349","article-title":"Effects of buoyancy on the diving behavior of northern elephant seals","volume":"201","author":"Webb","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00616753","article-title":"Swimming by sea otters: adaptations for low energetic cost locomotion","volume":"164","author":"Williams","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/355821a0","article-title":"Travel at low energetic cost by swimming and wave-riding bottlenose dolphins","volume":"355","author":"Williams","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.133","article-title":"Sink or swim: strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals","volume":"288","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00347-6","article-title":"A killer appetite: metabolic consequences of carnivory in marine mammals","volume":"129A","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1890\/03-0696","article-title":"Killer appetites: assessing the role of predators in ecological communities","volume":"85","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00822","article-title":"The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke","volume":"207","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.06.010","article-title":"Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca)","volume":"133","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1086\/518346","article-title":"Seasonal variability in otariid energetics: implications for the effects of predators on localized prey resources","volume":"80","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2307\/1939832","article-title":"Recording devices on free-ranging marine animals: does measurement affect foraging performance?","volume":"67","author":"Wilson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01127.x","article-title":"Moving towards acceleration for estimates of activity-specific metabolic rate in free-living animals: the case of the cormorant","volume":"75","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010404","volume-title":"Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R","author":"Wood","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021042508335318100_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6","volume-title":"Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R","author":"Zuur","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/217\/9\/1485\/1884643\/1485.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/217\/9\/1485\/1884643\/1485.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]],"date-time":"2024-05-26T08:21:22Z","timestamp":1716711682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/217\/9\/1485\/13558\/Free-swimming-northern-elephant-seals-have-low"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.094201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}}}