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Here we present six degree of freedom skeletal kinematic data from maneuvering guineafowl acquired by marker-based XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology). Translations and rotations of the hips, knees, ankles, and pelvis were derived from animated bone models using explicit joint coordinate systems. We distinguished sidesteps, sidestep yaws, crossover yaws, sidestep turns, and crossover turns, but birds often performed a sequence of blended partial maneuvers. Long-axis rotation of the femur (up to 38\u00b0) modulated the foot's transverse position. Long-axis rotation of the tibiotarsus (up to 65\u00b0) also affected medio-lateral positioning, but primarily served to either reorient a swing phase foot or yaw the body about a stance phase foot. Tarsometatarsal long-axis rotation was minimal, as was hip, knee, and ankle abduction\/adduction. Despite having superficially hinge-like joints, birds coordinate substantial long-axis rotations of the hips and knees to execute complex 3-D maneuvers while striking a diversity of non-planar poses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.101428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,23]],"date-time":"2014-05-23T06:26:43Z","timestamp":1400826403000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Long-axis rotation: a missing degree of freedom in avian bipedal locomotion"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Kambic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Gatesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042507295106000_R1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Kinematic parameters of terrestrial locomotion in cursorial (ratites), swimming (ducks), and striding birds (quail and guinea fowl)","volume":"131","author":"Abourachid","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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