{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:16:04Z","timestamp":1790658964648,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"22","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the arthropod brain, the central complex (CX) receives various forms of sensory signals and is associated with motor functions, but its precise role in behavior is controversial. The optomotor response is a highly conserved turning behavior directed by visual motion. In tethered cockroaches, 20% procaine injected into the CX reversibly blocked this behavior. We then used multichannel extracellular recording to sample unit activity in the CX in response to wide-field visual motion stimuli, moving either horizontally or vertically at various temporal frequencies. For the 401 units we sampled, we identified five stereotyped response patterns: tonically inhibited or excited responses during motion, phasically inhibited or excited responses at the initiation of motion, and phasically excited responses at the termination of motion. Sixty-seven percent of the units responded to horizontal motion, while only 19% responded to vertical motion. Thirty-eight percent of responding units were directionally selective to horizontal motion. Response type and directional selectivity were sometimes conditional with other stimulus parameters, such as temporal frequency. For instance, 16% of the units that responded tonically to low temporal frequencies responded phasically to high temporal frequencies. In addition, we found that 26% of wide-field motion responding units showed a periodic response that was entrained to the temporal frequency of the stimulus. Our results show a diverse population of neurons within the CX that are variably tuned to wide-field motion parameters. Our behavioral data further suggest that such CX activity is required for effective optomotor responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.112391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,2]],"date-time":"2014-10-02T21:43:40Z","timestamp":1412286220000},"page":"4079-4090","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Encoding wide-field motion and direction in the central complex of the cockroach\n                    <i>Blaberus discoidalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Kathman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malavika","family":"Kesavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy E.","family":"Ritzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2025111006100440500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62678-3","article-title":"Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, \u2018prefrontal\u2019 and \u2018limbic\u2019 functions","volume":"85","author":"Alexander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. 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