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At the end of the trial, experimental and control fish were challenged with yet another novel stressor and sampled before and 1\u2005h after that challenge. Plasma cortisol decreased steadily over time in stressed fish, indicative of exhaustion of the endocrine stress axis. This was confirmed by a lower cortisol response to the novel stressor at the end of the stress period in chronically stressed fish compared to the control group. In the preoptic area (POA) and pituitary gland, chronic stress resulted in decreased gene expression of 11\u03b2hsd2, gr1 and gr2 in POA and increased expression of those genes in the pituitary gland. POA crf expression and pituitary expression of pomcs and mr increased, whereas interrenal gene expression was unaffected. Exposure to the novel stressor had no effect on POA and interrenal gene expression. In the pituitary, crfr1, pomcs, 11\u03b2hsd2, grs and mr were down-regulated. In summary, our results provide a novel overview of the dynamic changes that occur at every level of the HPI-axis as a result of chronic stress in Atlantic salmon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.120535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T16:31:18Z","timestamp":1433953878000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Stress in Atlantic salmon: response to unpredictable chronic stress"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Madaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984 Matredal, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, NO-5984 Matredal, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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