{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:35:44Z","timestamp":1761896144983,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The abolishment of discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) in severely dehydrated insects casts doubt on the generality of the hygric hypothesis, which posits that DGC evolved as a water conservation mechanism. We followed DGC characteristics in the two density-dependent phases of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, throughout exposure to an experimental treatment of combined dehydration and starvation stress, and subsequent rehydration. We hypothesized that, under stressful conditions, the more stress-resistant gregarious locusts would maintain DGC longer than solitarious locusts. However, we found no phase-specific variations in body water content, water loss rates (total and respiratory), and timing of stress-induced DGC abolishment. Likewise, locusts of both phases reemployed DGC after having ingested comparable volumes of water when rehydrated. Despite comparable water management performances, the effect of exposure to stressful experimental conditions on DGC characteristics varied significantly between gregarious and solitarious locusts. Interburst duration, affected by the ability to buffer CO2, was significantly reduced in dehydrated solitarious, compared to gregarious, locusts. Moreover, despite similar rehydration levels, only gregarious locusts recovered their initial CO2 accumulation capacity, indicating that cycle characteristics are affected by factors other than haemolymph volume. Haemolymph protein measurements and calculated respiratory quotients suggest that catabolism of haemolymph proteins may contribute to a reduced haemolymph buffering capacity, and thus a compromised ability for CO2 accumulation, in solitarious locusts. Nevertheless, DGC was lost at similar hydration states in the two phases, suggesting that DGC is terminated as a result of inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.126490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]],"date-time":"2015-10-21T01:10:17Z","timestamp":1445389817000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Discontinuous gas-exchange cycle characteristics are differentially affected by hydration state and energy metabolism in gregarious and solitarious desert locusts"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Stav","family":"Talal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Ayali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Gefen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Haifa- Oranim, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-11-01538.1982","article-title":"Effects of temperature on identified central neurons that control jumping in the grasshopper","volume":"2","author":"Abrams","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(87)90048-5","article-title":"Effects of starvation and dehydration on ionic balance in Schistocerca gregaria","volume":"33","author":"Albaghdadi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(92)90507-M","article-title":"Density-dependent phase polymorphism affects response to adipokinetic hormone in Locusta","volume":"101","author":"Ayali","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(94)00076-S","article-title":"The relations of adipokinetic response and body lipid content in locusts (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) with special reference to phase polymorphism","volume":"41","author":"Ayali","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C5","first-page":"177","article-title":"Differences in response to adipokinetic hormones between gregarious and solitary locusts","volume-title":"Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology 1993","author":"Ayali","year":"1994"},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1996.tb00828.x","article-title":"Flight fuel related differences between solitary and gregarious locusts (Locusta migratoria migratorioides)","volume":"21","author":"Ayali","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiol. Entomol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.111.1.131","article-title":"Tracheal gases, respiratory gas exchange, body temperature and flight in some tropical cicadas","volume":"111","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0800332","article-title":"Free amino acids of the haemolymph of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk","volume":"80","author":"Benassi","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059967","article-title":"Neural control of gas exchange patterns in insects: locust density-dependent phases as a test case","volume":"8","author":"Berman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1957.tb00359.x","article-title":"Spiracular control of water loss in the tsetse fly","volume":"32","author":"Bursell","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. A Gen. Entomol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2011.01879.x","article-title":"Discontinuous gas exchange: new perspectives on evolutionary origins and ecological implications","volume":"25","author":"Chown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.2.397","article-title":"Discontinuous gas exchange cycles in Aphodius fossor (Scarabaeidae): a test of hypotheses concerning origins and mechanisms","volume":"203","author":"Chown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1086\/499992","article-title":"Discontinuous gas exchange in insects: a clarification of hypotheses and approaches","volume":"79","author":"Chown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.024091","article-title":"Metabolic rate controls respiratory pattern in insects","volume":"212","author":"Contreras","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1790(85)90033-2","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase in the face fly, Musca autumnalis (Degeer) (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"15","author":"Darlington","year":"1985","journal-title":"Insect Biochem."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2009.06.003","article-title":"Spiracle activity in moth pupae\u2014the role of oxygen and carbon dioxide revisited","volume":"56","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02181","article-title":"Evidence from mosquitoes suggests that cyclic gas exchange and discontinuous gas exchange are two manifestations of a single respiratory pattern","volume":"209","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.102814","article-title":"A hierarchy of factors influence discontinuous gas exchange in the grasshopper Paracinema tricolor (Orthoptera: Acrididae)","volume":"217","author":"Groenewald","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"volume-title":"Water Relations of Terrestrial Arthropods","year":"1994","author":"Hadley","key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C19"},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.177.1.169","article-title":"Discontinuous carbon dioxide release in the eastern lubber grasshopper Romalea guttata and its effect on respiratory transpiration","volume":"180","author":"Hadley","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.154.1.573","article-title":"Haemolymph buffering in the locust Schistocerca gregaria","volume":"154","author":"Harrison","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00043.2012","article-title":"How locusts breathe","volume":"28","author":"Harrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.103986","article-title":"Temperature-dependent variation in gas exchange patterns and spiracular control in Rhodnius prolixus","volume":"217","author":"Heinrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.102426","article-title":"Oxygen diffusion limitation triggers ventilatory movements during spiracle closure when insects breathe discontinuously","volume":"217","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.118141","article-title":"The effect of discontinuous gas exchange on respiratory water loss in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) varies across an aridity gradient","volume":"218","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C26","first-page":"137","article-title":"Respiration and respiratory water loss","volume-title":"Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry of Insects","author":"Kestler","year":"1985"},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(66)90068-0","article-title":"Discontinuous respiration in insects\u2013II. The direct measurement and significance of changes in tracheal gas composition during the respiratory cycle of silkworm pupae","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.41.010196.001521","article-title":"Discontinuous gas exchange in insects","volume":"41","author":"Lighton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.2.521","article-title":"Questioning paradigms: caste-specific ventilation in harvester ants, Messor pergandei and M. julianus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","volume":"198","author":"Lighton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300005708","article-title":"Studies on the water relations of adult locusts (Orthoptera, Acrididae). I. Respiration and the production of metabolic water","volume":"65","author":"Loveridge","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01928","article-title":"Insect gas exchange patterns: a phylogenetic perspective","volume":"208","author":"Marais","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1086\/657619","article-title":"Discontinuous gas exchange in insects: is it all in their heads?","volume":"177","author":"Matthews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0137","article-title":"A test of the oxidative damage hypothesis for discontinuous gas exchange in the locust Locusta migratoria","volume":"8","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.41.2.345","article-title":"Factors altering spiracle control in adult dragonflies: hypoxia and temperature","volume":"41","author":"Miller","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420061789","volume-title":"Insect Physiology and Biochemistry","author":"Nation","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(08)36001-9","article-title":"Locust phase polyphenism: an update","volume":"36","author":"Pener","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(97)00187-9","article-title":"Adipokinetic hormone and flight fuel related characteristics of density-dependent locust phase polymorphism: a review","volume":"117","author":"Pener","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2298\/ABS0601006P","article-title":"Neurohormones in insect stress: a review","volume":"58","author":"Peri\u0107-Mataruga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2006.04.004","article-title":"Discontinuous gas exchange in insects","volume":"154","author":"Quinlan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.66.4.30163812","article-title":"Gas exchange, ventilatory patterns, and water loss in two lubber grasshoppers: quantifying cuticular and respiratory transpiration","volume":"66","author":"Quinlan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.17.2699","article-title":"Geographic and altitudinal variation in water balance and metabolic rate in a California grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes","volume":"203","author":"Rourke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/0965-1748(94)90017-5","article-title":"Lipid storage and mobilization by flight in relation to phase and age of Schistocerca gregaria females","volume":"24","author":"Schneider","year":"1994","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.16.2479","article-title":"Direct determination of the kinetics of oxygen diffusion to the photocytes of a bioluminescent elaterid larva, measurement of gas- and aqueous-phase diffusional barriers and modelling of oxygen supply","volume":"203","author":"Timmins","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83130-0","volume-title":"Comparative Aspects of Extracellular Acid-Base Balance","author":"Truchot","year":"1987"},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2006.00715.x","article-title":"cDNA cloning of heat shock proteins and their expression in the two phases of the migratory locust","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51011-5","article-title":"Electrometric and colorimetric determination of carbonic anhydrase","volume":"176","author":"Wilbur","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042509103739000_JEB126490C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905185107","article-title":"Universal model for water costs of gas exchange by animals and plants","volume":"107","author":"Woods","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/218\/23\/3807\/1890540\/jeb126490.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.126490\/2038805\/jeb_126490v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.126490\/2038805\/jeb_126490v1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T19:47:14Z","timestamp":1653335234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.126490\/262153\/Discontinuous-gas-exchange-cycle-characteristics"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.126490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-9145"},{"type":"print","value":"0022-0949"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"article-number":"jeb.126490"}}