{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:32:03Z","timestamp":1789965123850,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":349,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["141410533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["141410533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We quantify the oxygen consumption rates and cost of transport (COT) of a benthic batoid fish, the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, at three swimming speeds. We report that this species has the lowest mass-adjusted swimming metabolic rate measured for any elasmobranch; however, this species incurs much higher COT at approximately 5 times the lowest values recorded for some teleosts. In addition, because skates lack a propulsive caudal fin and could not sustain steady swimming beyond a relatively low optimum speed of 1.25 BL\u00d7s\u22121 (body length, defined as disc length: 5\u20136.5 cm), we propose that the locomotor efficiency of benthic rajiform fishes is limited to the descending portion of a single COT-speed relationship. This renders these species poorly suited for long-distance translocation and, therefore, especially vulnerable to regional-scale environmental disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.136358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T01:13:30Z","timestamp":1460682810000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Skating by: low energetic costs of swimming in a batoid fish"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Di Santo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Kenaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042509414012600_JEB136358C1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Studying the evolution of physiological performance","volume":"7","author":"Bennett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oxford Surveys Evol. 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