{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:03:18Z","timestamp":1789095798770,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,15]],"date-time":"2017-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fishes may exploit environmental vortices to save in the cost of locomotion. Previous work has investigated fish refuging behind a single cylinder in current, a behavior termed the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n gait. However, current-swept habitats often contain aggregations of physical objects, and it is unclear how the complex hydrodynamics shed from multiple structures affect refuging in fish. To begin to address this, we investigated how the flow fields produced by two D-shaped cylinders arranged in tandem affect the ability of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to K\u00e1rm\u00e1n gait. We altered the spacing of the two cylinders from l\/D of 0.7 to 2.7 (where l=downstream spacing of cylinders and D=cylinder diameter) and recorded the kinematics of trout swimming behind the cylinders with high-speed video at Re=10,000\u201355,000. Digital particle image velocimetry showed that increasing l\/D decreased the strength of the vortex street by an average of 53% and decreased the frequency that vortices were shed by \u223c20% for all speeds. Trout were able to K\u00e1rm\u00e1n gait behind all cylinder treatments despite these differences in the downstream wake; however, they K\u00e1rm\u00e1n gaited over twice as often behind closely spaced cylinders (l\/D=0.7, 1.1, and 1.5). Computational fluid dynamics simulations show that when cylinders are widely spaced, the upstream cylinder generates a vortex street that interacts destructively with the downstream cylinder, producing weaker, more widely spaced and less-organized vortices that discourage K\u00e1rm\u00e1n gaiting. These findings are poised to help predict when fish may seek refuge in natural habitats based on the position and arrangement of stationary objects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.140475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T06:38:41Z","timestamp":1469083121000},"page":"2182-2191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Refuging rainbow trout selectively exploit flows behind tandem cylinders"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-bao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2610, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otar","family":"Akanyeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina J.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0181-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042510211435600_JEB140475C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.087502","article-title":"The effect of flow speed and body size on K\u00e1rm\u00e1n gait kinematics in rainbow trout","volume":"216","author":"Akanyeti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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