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The electrocardiogram (ECG) and expression of excitation-contraction coupling genes were studied in fish acclimatised to normoxia in summer (+18\u00b0C) or winter (+2\u00b0C), and in winter fish after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of anoxia. Anoxia induced a sustained bradycardia from a heart rate of 10.3\u00b10.77 to 4.1\u00b10.29 bpm (P&amp;lt;0.05) after 5 weeks, and heart rate slowly recovered to control levels when oxygen was restored. Heart rate variability greatly increased under anoxia, and completely recovered under re-oxygenation. The RT interval increased from 2.8\u00b10.34 s in normoxia to 5.8\u00b10.44 s under anoxia (P&amp;lt;0.05), which reflects a doubling of the ventricular action potential (AP) duration. Acclimatisation to winter induced extensive changes in gene expression relative to summer-acclimatised fish, including depression in those coding for the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump (Serca2-q2) and ATP-sensitive K+ channels (Kir6.2) (P&amp;lt;0.05). Genes of delayed rectifier K+ (kcnh6) and Ca2+ channels (cacna1c) were up-regulated in winter fish (P&amp;lt;0.05). In contrast, the additional challenge of anoxia caused only minor changes in gene expression, e.g. depressed expression of Kir2.2b K+ channel gene (kcnj12b), whereas expression of Ca2+ (cacna1a, -c and \u2013g) and Na+ channel genes (scn4a and scn5a) were not affected. These data suggest that low temperature pre-conditions the Crucian carp heart for winter anoxia, whereas sustained anoxic bradycardia and prolongation of AP duration are directly induced by oxygen shortage without major changes in gene expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.145177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]],"date-time":"2016-11-22T02:00:21Z","timestamp":1479780021000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of prolonged anoxia on electrical activity of the heart in Crucian carp (<i>Carassius carassius<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Tikkanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Haverinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Egginton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds, Faculty of Biological Sciences, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Hassinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0953-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Vornanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042512563559600_JEB145177C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-015-0925-5","article-title":"Seasonal acclimatization of the cardiac potassium currents (IK1 and IKr) in an arctic marine teleost, the navaga cod (Eleginus navaga)","volume":"185","author":"Abramochkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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