{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:13:10Z","timestamp":1790172790599,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,15]],"date-time":"2017-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":183,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship","award":["FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF 628506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF 628506"]}]},{"name":"NC3Rs UK","award":["NC\/K000888\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC\/K000888\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Research has recently demonstrated that larval zebrafish show similar molecular responses to nociception to those of adults. Our study explored whether unprotected larval zebrafish exhibited altered behaviour after exposure to noxious chemicals and screened a range of analgesic drugs to determine their efficacy to reduce these responses. This approach aimed to validate larval zebrafish as a reliable replacement for adults as well as providing a high-throughput means of analysing behavioural responses. Zebrafish at 5\u00a0days post-fertilization were exposed to known noxious stimuli: acetic acid (0.01%, 0.1% and 0.25%) and citric acid (0.1%, 1% and 5%). The behavioural response of each was recorded and analysed using novel tracking software that measures time spent active in 25 larvae at one time. Subsequently, the efficacy of aspirin, lidocaine, morphine and flunixin as analgesics after exposure to 0.1% acetic acid was tested. Larvae exposed to 0.1% and 0.25% acetic acid spent less time active, whereas those exposed to 0.01% acetic acid and 0.1\u20135% citric acid showed an increase in swimming activity. Administration of 2.5\u2005mg\u2005l\u22121 aspirin, 5\u2005mg\u2005l\u22121 lidocaine and 48\u2005mg\u2005l\u22121 morphine prevented the behavioural changes induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that larvae respond to a noxious challenge in a similar way to adult zebrafish and other vertebrates and that the effect of nociception on activity can be ameliorated by using analgesics. Therefore, adopting larval zebrafish could represent a direct replacement of a protected adult fish with a non-protected form in pain- and nociception-related research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.146969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T21:25:18Z","timestamp":1492637118000},"page":"1451-1458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Reduction in activity by noxious chemical stimulation is ameliorated by immersion in analgesic drugs in zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7382-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Lopez-Luna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qussay","family":"Al-Jubouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Al-Nuaimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne U.","family":"Sneddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042512004798500_JEB146969C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.07.011","article-title":"Nociception in fish: stimulus\u2013response properties of receptors on the head of trout Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"1166","author":"Ashley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2021042512004798500_JEB146969C2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Environmental aspects of aquaculture","volume-title":"Aquaculture for Veterinarians","author":"Branson","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021042512004798500_JEB146969C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.09.026","article-title":"Science of the total environment understanding the importance of episodic acidification on fish predator \u2013 prey interactions: does weak acidification impair predator recognition?","volume":"439","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. 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