{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:06:06Z","timestamp":1753884366144,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["405019-2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405019-2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF IOS-1147043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF IOS-1147043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>A central question in biology is how animals successfully behave under complex natural conditions. Although changes in locomotor behaviour, motor control, and force production in relation to incline are commonly examined, a wide range of other factors, including a range of perch diameters, pervades arboreal habitats. Moving on different substrate diameters requires considerable alteration of body and limb posture, likely causing significant shifts in the lengths of the muscle-tendon units powering locomotion. Thus, how substrate shape impacts in vivo muscle function remains an important, but neglected question in ecophysiology. Here, we used high-speed videography, electromyography, in situ contractile experiments, and morphology to examine gastrocnemius muscle function during arboreal locomotion in the Cuban knight anole, (Anolis equestris). The gastrocnemius contributes more to the propulsive effort on broad surfaces than on narrow surfaces. Surprisingly, substrate inclination affected the relationship between the maximum potential force and fibre recruitment; the trade-off that was present between these variables on horizontal conditions became a positive relationship on inclined surfaces. Finally, the biarticular nature of the gastrocnemius allows it to generate force isometrically, regardless of condition, despite the fact that the tendons are incapable of stretching during cyclical locomotion. Our results emphasize the importance of considering ecology and muscle function together, and the necessity of examining both mechanical and physiological properties of muscles to understand how animals move in their environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.151795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T16:24:20Z","timestamp":1484065460000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrating gastrocnemius force-length properties,<i>in vivo<\/i>activation, and operating lengths reveals how<i>Anolis<\/i>deal with ecological challenges"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen L.","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA"},{"name":"Current address: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N7N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Higham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1974.tb04134.x","article-title":"The mechanics of jumping by a dog (Canis familiaris)","volume":"173","author":"Alexander","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1975.tb05983.x","article-title":"The mechanics of hopping by kangaroos (Macropodidae)","volume":"177","author":"Alexander","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.082495","article-title":"Modulation of joint moments and work in the goat hindlimb with locomotor speed and surface grade","volume":"216","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0982","article-title":"Evidence for a vertebrate catapult: elastic energy storage in the plantaris tendon during frog jumping","volume":"8","author":"Astley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03609.x","article-title":"Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons","volume":"209","author":"Bennett","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/38.4.703","article-title":"Muscle function in vivo: a comparison of muscles used for elastic energy savings versus muscles used to generate mechanical power","volume":"38","author":"Biewener","year":"1998","journal-title":"Amer. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.9.1829","article-title":"In vivo muscle force and elastic energy storage during steady-speed hopping of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)","volume":"198","author":"Biewener","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.140.1.243","article-title":"Kangaroo rat locomotion: design for elastic energy storage or acceleration?","volume":"140","author":"Biewener","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.23.3387","article-title":"Dynamics of muscle function during locomotion: accommodating variable conditions","volume":"202","author":"Biewener","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03471.x","article-title":"Elastic energy storage in the hopping of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis)","volume":"195","author":"Biewener","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140456","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0456","article-title":"Geckos significantly alter foot orientation to facilitate adhesion during downhill locomotion","volume":"10","author":"Birn-Jeffery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1139\/z80-301","article-title":"The hind limb step cycle of Caiman sclerops and the mechanics of the crocodile tarsus and metatarsus","volume":"58","author":"Brinkman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0243","article-title":"Scaling of elastic energy storage in mammalian limb tendons: do small mammals really lose out?","volume":"1","author":"Bullimore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.4.1687","article-title":"Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for upslope and level walking","volume":"79","author":"Carlson-Kuhta","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c5","article-title":"Climbing","volume-title":"Functional Vertebrate Morphology","author":"Cartmill","year":"1985"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00503","article-title":"Muscle force-length dynamics during level versus incline locomotion: a comparison of in vivo performance of two guinea fowl ankle extensors","volume":"206","author":"Daley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00206","article-title":"Steady swimming muscle dynamics in the leopard shark Triakis semifasciata","volume":"206","author":"Donley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01618","article-title":"Patterns of red muscle strain\/activation and body kinematics during steady swimming in a lamnid shark, the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus)","volume":"208","author":"Donley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.069856","article-title":"How forelimb and hindlimb function changes with incline and perch diameter in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis","volume":"215","author":"Foster","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20133331","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3331","article-title":"Context-dependent changes in motor control and kinematics during locomotion: modulation and decoupling","volume":"281","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C21","article-title":"Integrating gastrocnemius force\u2013length properties, in vivo activation and operating lengths reveals how Anolis deal with ecological challenges","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dryad Digital Repository"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107447189.012","article-title":"Determinants of lizard escape performance: decision, motivation, ability, and opportunity","volume-title":"Escaping from Predators: An Integrative View of Escape Decisions and Refuge Use","author":"Foster","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01006","article-title":"Mechanical function of two ankle extensors in wild turkeys: shifts from energy production to energy absorption during incline versus decline running","volume":"207","author":"Gabald\u00f3n","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00489.2002","article-title":"Effects of surface grade on proximal hindlimb muscle strain and activation during rat locomotion","volume":"93","author":"Gillis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.23.3197","article-title":"External work and potential for elastic storage at the limb joints of running dogs","volume":"201","author":"Gregersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/3\/3\/034001","article-title":"Software techniques for two- and three-dimensional kinematic measurements of biological and biomimetic systems","volume":"3","author":"Hedrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3099\/0027-4100-159.4.213","article-title":"Anatomical basis of differences in locomotor behavior in Anolis lizards: a comparison between two ecomorphs","volume":"159","author":"Herrel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icn025","article-title":"Electromyography and the evolution of motor control: limitations and insights","volume":"48","author":"Herrel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.016139","article-title":"Integration within and between muscles during terrestrial locomotion: effects of incline and speed","volume":"211","author":"Higham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0359","article-title":"Functional and architectural complexity within and between muscles: regional variation and intermuscular force transmission","volume":"366","author":"Higham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00745","article-title":"In vivo muscle activity in the hindlimb of the arboreal lizard, Chamaeleo calyptratus: general patterns and the effects of incline","volume":"207","author":"Higham","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2008.01.001","article-title":"The integration of lateral gastrocnemius muscle function and kinematics in running turkeys","volume":"111","author":"Higham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0472","article-title":"Functional diversification within and between muscle synergists during locomotion","volume":"4","author":"Higham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201400651","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0651","article-title":"What drives activation-dependent shifts in the force\u2013length curve?","volume":"10","author":"Holt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20152832","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.2832","article-title":"The effect of activation level on muscle function during locomotion: are optimal lengths and velocities always used?","volume":"283","author":"Holt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"volume-title":"Animal Athletes: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach","year":"2016","author":"Irschick","key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C36"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.160.1.167","article-title":"Muscle action during locomotion: a comparative perspective","volume":"160","author":"Johnston","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1998.0696","article-title":"Curvature of swimming fish midlines as an index of muscle strain suggests swimming muscle produces net positive work","volume":"193","author":"Katz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C39","first-page":"25","article-title":"The organization of muscle","volume-title":"Electromyography for Experimentalists","author":"Loeb","year":"1986"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.25.110194.002343","article-title":"Integrative approaches to evolutionary ecology: Anolis lizards as model systems","volume":"25","author":"Losos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520943735","volume-title":"Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles","author":"Losos","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.072728","article-title":"Tendon material properties vary and are interdependent among turkey hindlimb muscles","volume":"215","author":"Matson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01305","article-title":"Joint work and power associated with acceleration and deceleration in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)","volume":"208","author":"McGowan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90448.2008","article-title":"Independent effects of weight and mass on plantar flexor activity during walking: implications for their contributions to body support and forward propulsion","volume":"105","author":"McGowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.028076","article-title":"Dynamics of goat distal hind limb muscle\u2013tendon function in response to locomotor grade","volume":"212","author":"McGuigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R368","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00689.2001","article-title":"Comparative trends in shortening velocity and force production in skeletal muscles","volume":"283","author":"Medler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Amer. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2004.02.004","article-title":"Force-velocity properties of two avian hindlimb muscles","volume":"137","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1304","article-title":"Is titin a \u2018winding filament\u2019? A new twist on muscle contraction","volume":"279","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.19.2763","article-title":"Activation patterns and length changes in hindlimb muscles of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana during jumping","volume":"201","author":"Olson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1022","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1994.266.3.R1022","article-title":"Allometry of muscle, tendon, and elastic energy storage capacity in mammals","volume":"266","author":"Pollock","year":"1994","journal-title":"Amer. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1016","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1994.266.3.R1016","article-title":"Relationship between body mass and biomechanical properties of limb tendons in adult mammals","volume":"266","author":"Pollock","year":"1994","journal-title":"Amer. J. Physiol. Reg. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1127\/zma\/83\/2002\/171","article-title":"What does \u201carboreal locomotion\u201d mean exactly and what are the relationships between \u201cclimbing\u201d, environment and morphology?","volume":"83","author":"Preuschoft","year":"2002","journal-title":"Z. Morphol. Anthropol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008923","article-title":"The effects of length and stimulus rate on tension in the isometric cat soleus muscle","volume":"204","author":"Rack","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.038588","article-title":"Flexible mechanisms: the diverse roles of biological springs in vertebrate movement","volume":"214","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5303.1113","article-title":"Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work","volume":"275","author":"Roberts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.003913","article-title":"Muscle strain is modulated more with running slope than speed in wild turkey knee and hip extensors","volume":"210","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C57","first-page":"58","article-title":"Digital Hyperextension in Anolis sagrei","volume":"57","author":"Russell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.045278","article-title":"Arboreal locomotion in rats\u2013the challenge of maintaining stability","volume":"213","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.013250","article-title":"Thunniform swimming: muscle dynamics and mechanical power production of aerobic fibres in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)","volume":"211","author":"Shadwick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/38.4.755","article-title":"Muscle dynamics in fish during steady swimming","volume":"38","author":"Shadwick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Amer. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00995","article-title":"The effects of surface diameter and incline on the hindlimb kinematics of an arboreal lizard (Anolis sagrei)","volume":"207","author":"Spezzano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1965.sp007626","article-title":"Comparison of mechanical properties between slow and fast mammalian muscles","volume":"178","author":"Wells","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01485","article-title":"In vivo muscle function vs speed II. Muscle function trotting up an incline","volume":"208","author":"Wickler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s004350050077","article-title":"Morphology and morphometrics of the appendicular musculature in geckoes with different locomotor habits (Lepidosauria)","volume":"119","author":"Zaaf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"volume-title":"Biostatistical Analysis","year":"1999","author":"Zar","key":"2021042512055534200_JEB151795C65"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/syndication\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.151795","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/220\/5\/796\/1897925\/jeb151795.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.151795\/2040285\/jeb_151795v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.151795\/2040285\/jeb_151795v1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T04:43:42Z","timestamp":1658378622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.151795\/262538\/Integrating-gastrocnemius-force-length-properties"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.151795","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-9145"},{"type":"print","value":"0022-0949"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"article-number":"jeb.151795"}}