{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T21:39:04Z","timestamp":1757540344095,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>High speed video analyses of the natural behaviour of parasitoid wasps revealed three strategies used to launch themselves into the air. Which strategy is the most energy efficient? In Pteromalus puparum, 92% of take-offs by were propelled entirely by movements of the middle and hind legs which were depressed at their coxo-trochanteral and extended at their femoro-tibial joints. The front legs left the ground first, followed by the hind legs, so that the middle legs provided the final propulsion. Second, in other species of a similar mass, Cotesia glomerata and Leptopilina boulardi, all take-offs were propelled by a mean of 2.8 and 3.8 wingbeats respectively with little or no contribution from the legs. The first strategy resulted in take-off times that were four times shorter (5 versus 22.8 ms) and take-off velocities that were four times faster (0.8 versus 0.2 m s\u20131). Calculations from the kinematics indicate that propulsion by the legs was the most energy efficient strategy, because more energy is put into propulsion of the body, whereas in take-off propelled by repetitive wing movements energy is lost to generating these movements and moving the air. In heavier species such as Netelia testacea and Amblyteles armatorius, take-off was propelled by the combined movements of the middle and hind legs and wingbeats. In A. armatorius, this resulted in the longest mean take-off time of 33.8 ms but an intermediate take-off velocity of 0.4 m s\u20131. In all three strategies the performance could be explained without invoking energy storage and power amplification mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.161463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:10:19Z","timestamp":1503360619000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Take-off mechanisms in parasitoid wasps"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Burrows","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Dorosenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.15.2153","article-title":"Muscle designed for maximum short-term power output: quail flight muscle","volume":"205","author":"Askew","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01992052","article-title":"A novel mechanism for jumping in the Indian ant Harpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae)","volume":"50","author":"Baroni Urbani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.63.1.53","article-title":"The energetics of the jump of the locust Schistocerca gregaria","volume":"63","author":"Bennet-Clark","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.47.1.59","article-title":"The jump of the flea: a study of the energetics and a model of the mechanism","volume":"47","author":"Bennet-Clark","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.084699","article-title":"Force balance in the take-off of a pierid butterfly: relative importance and timing of leg impulsion and aerodynamic forces","volume":"216","author":"Bimbard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.03.027","article-title":"Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees","volume":"27","author":"Branstetter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/424509a","article-title":"Froghopper insects leap to new heights","volume":"424","author":"Burrows","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4607","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02539","article-title":"Jumping performance of froghopper insects","volume":"209","author":"Burrows","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.032326","article-title":"Jumping performance of planthoppers (Hemiptera, Issidae)","volume":"212","author":"Burrows","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.037861","article-title":"Energy storage and synchronisation of hind leg movements during jumping in planthopper insects (Hemiptera, Issidae)","volume":"213","author":"Burrows","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.056689","article-title":"Jumping mechanisms and performance of snow fleas (Mecoptera, Boreidae)","volume":"214","author":"Burrows","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.083683","article-title":"Jumping from the surface of water by the long-legged fly Hydrophorus (Diptera, Dolichopodidae)","volume":"216","author":"Burrows","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.078741","article-title":"Jumping mechanisms of treehopper insects (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae)","volume":"216","author":"Burrows","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.110841","article-title":"Jumping mechanisms in lacewings (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae)","volume":"217","author":"Burrows","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.120741","article-title":"Jumping mechanisms and strategies in moths (Lepidoptera)","volume":"218","author":"Burrows","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.123471","article-title":"Jumping mechanisms in adult caddis flies (Insecta, Trichoptera)","volume":"218","author":"Burrows","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.154153","article-title":"Jumping performance of flea hoppers and other mirid bugs (Hemiptera, Miridae)","volume":"220","author":"Burrows","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00214","article-title":"Jumping and kicking in bush crickets","volume":"206","author":"Burrows","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240284","article-title":"Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect","volume":"341","author":"Burrows","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.01.054","article-title":"Mantises exchange angular momentum between three rotating body parts to jump precisely to targets","volume":"25","author":"Burrows","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.07.094","article-title":"Visually mediated motor planning in the escape response of Drosophila","volume":"18","author":"Card","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.115.1.293","article-title":"Power and efficiency of insect flight muscle","volume":"115","author":"Ellington","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.4039\/Ent118691-7","article-title":"Mesothoracic skeletomusculature and mechanics of flight and jumping in Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae)","volume":"118","author":"Gibson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. Ent."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-007-0265-3","article-title":"Ontogeny of flight initiation in the fly Drosophila melanogaster: implications for the giant fibre system","volume":"193","author":"Hammond","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.55.030193.002523","article-title":"Contraction dynamics and power output of skeletal muscle","volume":"55","author":"Josephson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124871","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124871","article-title":"Mandible-powered escape jumps in trap-jaw ants increase survival rates during predator-prey encounters","volume":"10","author":"Larabee","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-014-9462-4","article-title":"Jumping galls: a novel mechanism for motility","volume":"27","author":"Manier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0764-4469(99)80105-X","article-title":"A new case of jumping behaviour in ants, as part of the foraging strategy","volume":"322","author":"Mercier","year":"1999","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01140185","article-title":"Multiple jumping behaviours in the ant Harpegnathos saltator","volume":"79","author":"Musthak Ali","year":"1992","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604290103","article-title":"Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants","volume":"103","author":"Patek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2012.03143.x","article-title":"Utility of the DNA barcoding gene fragment for parasitic wasp phylogeny (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea): data release and new measure of taxonomic congruence","volume":"12","author":"Quicke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.127886","article-title":"Whiteflies stabilize their take-off with closed wings","volume":"219","author":"Ribak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-015-1324-1","article-title":"Costs and benefits of larval jumping behaviour of Bathyplectes anurus","volume":"103","author":"Saeki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295-13.10.574","article-title":"Snap! Trap-jaw ants in Borneo also jump using their legs","volume":"13","author":"Sorger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.183.1.249","article-title":"Performance of a butterfly in take-off flight","volume":"183","author":"Sunada","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C36","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ants that jump: different techniques to take off","volume":"98","author":"Tautz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219061","article-title":"Flight initiations in Drosophila melanogaster are mediated by several distinct motor patterns","volume":"176","author":"Trimarchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. [A]"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05138.x","article-title":"Initiation of flight in the unrestrained fly, Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"235","author":"Trimarchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Zool. Lond."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3741","article-title":"A spike-timing mechanism for action selection","volume":"17","author":"von Reyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C40","first-page":"511","article-title":"The sustained power output from striated muscle","volume-title":"Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion","author":"Weis-Fogh","year":"1977"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03254","article-title":"Directed aerial descent in canopy ants","volume":"433","author":"Yanoviak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042512563867200_JEB161463C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0170","article-title":"Aerial manoeuvrability in wingless gliding ants (Cephalotes atratus)","volume":"277","author":"Yanoviak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/220\/20\/3812\/1911595\/jeb161463.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.161463\/2040746\/jeb_161463v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.161463\/2040746\/jeb_161463v1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T15:29:54Z","timestamp":1659367794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.161463\/262655\/Take-off-mechanisms-in-parasitoid-wasps"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.161463","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-9145"},{"type":"print","value":"0022-0949"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"article-number":"jeb.161463"}}