{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:10:16Z","timestamp":1790737816971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,15]],"date-time":"2018-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005171","name":"Ohio Board of Regents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In mammals, chewing movements can be modified, or flexible, in response to changes in food properties. Variability between and within food in the temporal characteristics of chewing movements can impact chewing frequency and rhythmicity, which in turn may affect food breakdown, energy expenditure and tooth wear. Here, we compared total chewing cycle duration and intra-cycle phase durations in pigs chewing on three foods varying in toughness and stiffness: apples (low toughness, low stiffness), carrots (high toughness, low stiffness), and almonds (high toughness, high stiffness). We also determined whether within-food variability in timing parameters is modified in response to changes in food properties. X-ray Reconstruction Of Moving Morphology (XROMM) demonstrates that the timing of jaw movements are flexible in response to changes in food properties. Within each food, pigs also exhibited flexibility in their ability to vary cycle parameters. The timing of jaw movements during processing of high-toughness foods is more variable, potentially decreasing chewing rhythmicity. In contrast, low-toughness foods result in jaw movements that are more stereotyped in their timing parameters. In addition, the duration of tooth\u2013food\u2013tooth contact is more variable during the processing of low-stiffness foods compared with tough or stiff foods. Increased toughness is suggested to alter the timing of the movements impacting food fracture whereas increased stiffness may require a more cautious control of jaw movements. This study emphasizes that flexibility in biological movements in response to changes in conditions may not only be observed in timing but also in the variability of their timing within each condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.168088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T20:10:27Z","timestamp":1517256627000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Flexibility of feeding movements in pigs: effects of changes in food toughness and stiffness on the timing of jaw movements"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"221","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane J.","family":"Montuelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 4180 Warrensville Center Road, SPS121, Warrensville Heights, OH 44122, USA"},{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University, Department of Biological Sciences, Irvine Hall 107, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnna","family":"Sidote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan H.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042513244021100_JEB168088C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(96)00102-1","article-title":"Mechanical properties of foods responsible for resisting food breakdown in the human mouth","volume":"42","author":"Agrawal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. 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Genet Physiol."},{"key":"2021042513244021100_JEB168088C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.07.016","article-title":"Evidence for a tradeoff between retention time and chewing efficiency in large mammalian herbivores","volume":"154","author":"Clauss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042513244021100_JEB168088C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01336.x","article-title":"Are specialists at risk under environmental change? Neoecological, paleoecological and phylogenetic approaches","volume":"12","author":"Colles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. 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Morphol."},{"key":"2021042513244021100_JEB168088C9","first-page":"255","article-title":"Mastication in pygmy goats (Capra hircus)","volume":"105","author":"De Vree","year":"1976","journal-title":"Annales de la Societe Royale Zoologique de Belgique"},{"key":"2021042513244021100_JEB168088C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051890104","article-title":"Mastication in the musk shrew","volume":"189","author":"Dotsch","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"2021042513244021100_JEB168088C11","first-page":"146","article-title":"Electromyography and masticatory behavior in shrews (Insectivora)","volume":"35","author":"Dotsch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. 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