{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T09:10:58Z","timestamp":1784625058186,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":181,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation"},{"name":"Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science Early Researcher Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insects have evolved a great diversity of sound-producing mechanisms largely attributable to their hardened exoskeleton, which can be rubbed, vibrated or tapped against different substrates to produce acoustic signals. However, sound production by forced air, while common in vertebrates, is poorly understood in insects. We report on a caterpillar that \u2018vocalizes\u2019 by forcing air into and out of its gut. When disturbed, larvae of the Nessus sphinx hawkmoth (Sphingidae: Amphion floridensis) produce sound trains comprising a stereotyped pattern of long (370\u2005ms) followed by multiple short-duration (23\u2005ms) units. Sounds are emitted from the oral cavity, as confirmed by close-up videos and comparing sound amplitudes at different body regions. Numerical models using measurements of the caterpillar foregut were constructed to test hypotheses explaining sound production. We propose that sound is generated by ring vortices created as air flows through the orifice between two foregut chambers (crop and oesophagus), a mechanism analogous to a whistling kettle. As air flows past the orifice, certain sound frequencies are amplified by a Helmholtz resonator effect of the oesophagus chamber. Long sound units occur during inflation, while short sound units occur during deflation. Several other insects have been reported to produce sounds by forced air, but the aeroacoustic mechanisms of such sounds remain elusive. Our results provide evidence for this mechanism by showing that caterpillars employ mechanisms similar to rocket engines to produce sounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.169466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T01:45:30Z","timestamp":1519695930000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vocalization in caterpillars: a novel sound-producing mechanism for insects"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Conrado A.","family":"Rosi-Denadai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada\u2008K1S 5B6"},{"name":"Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Vi\u00e7osa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Scallion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada\u2008K1S 5B6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig G.","family":"Merrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9383-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayne E.","family":"Yack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada\u2008K1S 5B6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042523225531100_JEB169466C1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Digestive and excretory systems","volume-title":"Handbook of Zoology: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies","author":"Barbehenn","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021042523225531100_JEB169466C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.173.1.123","article-title":"A model of the mechanism of sound production in cicadas","volume":"173","author":"Bennet-Clark","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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