{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:58:05Z","timestamp":1777564685479,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danmarks Grundforskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long and deep dives in marine mammals are enabled by high mass-specific oxygen stores and the dive response (DR), which reduces oxygen consumption in concert with increased peripheral vasoconstriction and a lowered heart rate during dives. Diving heart rates of pinnipeds are highly variable and modulated by many factors, such as breath holding (apnea), pressure, swimming activity, temperature, and even cognitive control. However, the individual effects of these factors on diving heart rate are poorly understood due to the difficulty of parsing their relative contributions in diving pinnipeds. Here, we examined the effects of apnea and external sensory inputs as autonomic drivers of bradycardia. Specifically, we hypothesized that 1) water stimulation of facial receptors would\u2014as is the case for terrestrial mammals\u2014enhance the dive response, 2) increasing the facial area stimulated would lead to a more intense bradycardia, and 3) cold water would elicit a more pronounced bradycardia than warm water. Three harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) were trained to breath-hold in air and with their heads submerged in a basin with variable water level and temperature. We show that bradycardia occurs during apnea without immersion. We also demonstrate that bradycardia is strengthened with both increasing area of facial submersion and colder water. Thus, we conclude that initiation of the DR in pinnipeds is more strongly related to breath holding than in terrestrial mammals, but the degree of the DR is potentiated autonomically via stimulation of facial mechano- and thermoreceptors upon submergence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.176545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T15:20:13Z","timestamp":1526570413000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature?"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9862-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeppe","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C. F. Moellers all\u00e9 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0981-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen","family":"Reichmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitte I.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakob H.","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fjord and Belt Center, Magrethes plads 1, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefin","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fjord and Belt Center, Magrethes plads 1, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fjord and Belt Center, Magrethes plads 1, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter T.","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, H\u00f8egh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042422502223200_JEB176545C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01393.x","article-title":"Cheetahs of the deep sea: deep foraging sprints in short-finned pilot whales off Tenerife (Canary Islands)","volume":"77","author":"Aguilar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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