{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:03:44Z","timestamp":1753884224672,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Texas Sea Grant's 2016 Grants-in-aid of Graduate Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis, Linnaeus) habitats are prone to saltwater intrusion following major storms, hurricanes or droughts. Anthropogenic impacts affecting hydrology of freshwater systems may exacerbate saltwater intrusion into freshwater habitats. The endocrine system of alligators is susceptible to changes in the environment but it is currently not known how the crocodilian physiological system responds to environmental stressors such as salinity. Juvenile alligators were exposed to 12\u2030 saltwater for 5 weeks to determine effects of chronic exposure to saline environments. Following 5 weeks, plasma levels of hormones (e.g., progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, corticosterone, aldosterone, angiotensin II) were quantified using LC-MS\/MS. Compared to freshwater kept subjects, saltwater exposed alligators had significantly elevated plasma levels of corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, 17\u03b2-estradiol, estrone and estriol while pregnenolone and angiotensin II (ANG II) were significantly depressed and aldosterone (ALDO) levels were unchanged (slightly depressed). However, saltwater exposure did not affect gene expression of renal mineralo- and glucorticoid (MR, GR) and angiotensin type 1 (AT-1) receptors or morphology of lingual glands. On the other hand, saltwater exposure significantly reduced plasma glucose concentrations whereas parameters diagnostic of perturbed liver function (enzymes AST, ALT) and kidney function (creatinine, creatine kinase) were significantly elevated. Except for plasma potassium levels (K+), plasma ions Na+ and Cl\u2212 were significantly elevated in saltwater alligators. Overall, this study demonstrated significant endocrine and physiological effects in juvenile alligators chronically exposed to a saline environment. Results provide novel insights into the effects of a natural environmental stressor (salinity) on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and steroidogenesis of alligators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.181172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T10:45:26Z","timestamp":1526640326000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of chronic exposure to 12\u2030 saltwater on the endocrine physiology of juvenile American alligator (<i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"P. C.","family":"Faulkner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A & M University, Galveston Campus, Dept. of Marine Biology, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Burleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Simonitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A & M University, Galveston Campus, Dept. of Marine Biology, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A & M University, Galveston Campus, Dept. of Marine Biology, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A & M University, Galveston Campus, Dept. of Marine Biology, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9841-2633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. H.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A & M University, Galveston Campus, Dept. of Marine Biology, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77553, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(89)90192-5","article-title":"Endocrines and osmoregulatory mechanisms in the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus","volume":"73","author":"Balment","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"year":"2002","author":"Berg","key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C2"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130037","article-title":"Regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion","volume":"4","author":"Bollag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"cow042","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cow042","article-title":"Salinity tolerances of two Australian freshwater turtles, Chelodina expansa and Emydura macquarii (Testudinata: Chelidae)","volume":"4","author":"Bower","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(81)90359-2","article-title":"The effects of pituitary and adrenal hormones on renal and postrenal reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the lizard, Varanus gouldii (Gray)","volume":"44","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-937X(98)80044-3","article-title":"Comparative renal function in reptiles, birds, and mammals","volume":"7","author":"Braun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Avian Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C7","volume-title":"Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry","author":"Burtis","year":"1999","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.12.013","article-title":"Pressor responses to alligator angiotensin I and some analogs in the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus)","volume":"147","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00004670","article-title":"Pubertal development of male African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. In vitro steroidogenesis by testis and interrenal tissue and plasma levels of sexual steroids","volume":"16","author":"Cavaco","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.4.789","article-title":"The role of cytochrome P450 17\u03b1-hydroxylase and 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the Integration of gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis via the \u03945 and \u03944 pathways of steroidogenesis in mammals","volume":"56","author":"Conley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1959.197.4.873","article-title":"Source and function of urinary ammonia in the alligator","volume":"197","author":"Coulson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Legacy Content"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105528","article-title":"Alterations in steroidogenesis in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) exposed naturally and experimentally to environmental contaminants","volume":"105","author":"Crain","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170315","article-title":"Sex-steroid and thyroid hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference lakes in Florida, USA","volume":"17","author":"Crain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.11.011","article-title":"The effects of saltwater acclimation on neurotransmitters in the lingual salt glands of the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus","volume":"140","author":"Cramp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.015636","article-title":"Functional and morphological plasticity of crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) salt glands","volume":"211","author":"Cramp","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C16","first-page":"95","article-title":"The effects of salinity and temperature on appetite in the diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin (Latreille)","volume":"3","author":"Davenport","year":"1993","journal-title":"Herpetological J."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/1353136","article-title":"Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi Delta: a spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat change","volume":"23","author":"Day","year":"2000","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402310304","article-title":"Sodium balance in the American alligator","volume":"231","author":"Ellis","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoolog A: Ecol. Genet. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1656\/1528-7092(2005)004[0533:UOOOAA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Unusual offshore occurrence of an American alligator","volume":"4","author":"Elsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeastern Naturalist"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(91)90384-O","article-title":"Acute stress suppresses plasma estradiol levels in female alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"100","author":"Elsey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03906","article-title":"Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years","volume":"436","author":"Emanuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093719","article-title":"New perspectives in the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) III: endogenous inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) provides protection against cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Fagyas","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-012-0894-z","article-title":"Emergence and evolution of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system","volume":"90","author":"Fournier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051032","article-title":"Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors\u2014physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"18","author":"Funder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050164","article-title":"Osmoregulation by the broad-snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris, in estuarine habitat in southern Brazil","volume":"168","author":"Grigg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-6374(00)80009-X","article-title":"Contaminant-induced endocrine disruption in wildlife","volume":"10","author":"Guillette","year":"2000","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102680","article-title":"Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida","volume":"102","author":"Guillette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103s431","article-title":"Gonadal steroidogenesis in vitro from juvenile alligators obtained from contaminated or control lakes","volume":"103","author":"Guillette","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1997.6953","article-title":"The reproductive cycle of the female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"108","author":"Guillette","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7375","article-title":"Plasma steroid concentrations and male phallus size in juvenile alligators from seven Florida lakes","volume":"116","author":"Guillette","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C31","first-page":"331","article-title":"Alligators, contaminants and steroid hormones","volume":"14","author":"Guillette","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2005.11.010","article-title":"Up-regulation of the alligator CYP3A77 gene by toxaphene and dexamethasone and its short term effect on plasma testosterone concentrations","volume":"78","author":"Gunderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquatic Toxicol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.04.018","article-title":"Variations in hepatic biomarkers in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) from three sites in Florida, USA","volume":"155","author":"Gunderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbd.2008.12.007","article-title":"Expression levels of genes associated with oxygen utilization, glucose transport and glucose phosphorylation in hypoxia exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","volume":"4","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol.t D: Genomics Proteomics"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00534.1","article-title":"A global perspective on wetland salinization: ecological consequences of a growing threat to freshwater wetlands","volume":"6","author":"Herbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.52.3.328","article-title":"The feedback regulation of angiotensinogen production by components of the renin\u2013angiotensin system","volume":"52","author":"Herrmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123560","article-title":"Deconvolution of the factors contributing to the increase in global hurricane intensity","volume":"312","author":"Hoyos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-47","article-title":"Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996561.0000","volume-title":"Crocodiles, Biology, Husbandry and Diseases","author":"Huchzermeyer","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2010.08.009","article-title":"Plasma and brain angiotensin concentrations associated with water response behavior in the desert anuran, Scaphiopus couchii under natural conditions in the field","volume":"157","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.07.005","article-title":"Aldosterone: a forgotten mediator of the relationship between psychological stress and heart disease","volume":"34","author":"Kubzansky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.3.999","article-title":"Reproductive cycle of the American alligator","volume":"29","author":"Lance","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402390211","article-title":"Stress-induced suppression of testosterone secretion in male alligators","volume":"239","author":"Lance","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(84)90192-8","article-title":"Circadian variation in plasma corticosterone in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, and the effects of ACTH injections","volume":"54","author":"Lance","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.016535","article-title":"Does alligator testis produce estradiol? A comparison of ovarian and testicular aromatase","volume":"69","author":"Lance","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.577","article-title":"The effects of hurricane Rita and subsequent drought on alligators in southwest Louisiana","volume":"313","author":"Lance","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2994\/SAJH-D-15-00005.1","article-title":"Sexual maturity in male American alligators in Southwest Louisiana","volume":"10","author":"Lance","year":"2015","journal-title":"South Am. J. Herpetology"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(85)90125-2","article-title":"The effect of chronic saline exposure on the electrolyte balance, nitrogen metabolism, and corticosterone titer in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"81","author":"Laur\u00e9n","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C49","first-page":"1","article-title":"The renin\u2013angiotensin system and the kidney: new insights and perspectives","volume-title":"Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease","author":"Li","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2005.01.012","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry\u2014experiences on developing a highly selective method using derivatization reagent for enhancing sensitivity","volume":"825","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(84)90462-6","article-title":"Adaptations of Crocodylus acutus and Alligator for life in saline water","volume":"79","author":"Mazzotti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00025-9","article-title":"Plasma steroid concentrations in relation to size and age in juvenile alligators from two Florida lakes","volume":"131","author":"Milnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A: Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008924418720","article-title":"Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation","volume":"9","author":"Mommsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C53","unstructured":"Morici, L. A. (1996). Endocrine and physiological response to osmotic stress in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. MSc. thesis, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19971001)279:2&lt;156::AID-JEZ6&gt;3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Effects of long-term corticosterone implants on growth and immune function in juvenile alligators, Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"279","author":"Morici","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.09.024","article-title":"Obesity and corticosteroids: 11beta-hydroxysteroid type 1 as a cause and therapeutic target in metabolic disease","volume":"316","author":"Morton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12565-016-0372-8","article-title":"Renin\u2013angiotensin system in vertebrates: phylogenetic view of structure and function","volume":"92","author":"Nishimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Sci. Int."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1979.237.2.H105","article-title":"Renin response to hemorrhage and hypotension in the aglomerular toadfish Opsanus tau","volume":"237","author":"Nishimura","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.10.014","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of the corticoid receptors from the American alligator","volume":"365","author":"Oka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600050059","article-title":"Differences in renal\u2013cloacal function between Crocodylus porosus and Alligator mississippiensis have implications for crocodilian evolution","volume":"167","author":"Pidcock","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2003.08.008","article-title":"Seasonal variation in plasma sex steroid concentrations in juvenile American alligators","volume":"135","author":"Rooney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(92)90159-H","article-title":"Effects of converting enzyme inhibition and \u03b1 receptor blockade on the angiotensin pressor response in the American alligator","volume":"87","author":"Silldorff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(92)90160-L","article-title":"The pressor response to exogenous angiotensin I and its blockade by angiotensin II analogues in the American alligator","volume":"87","author":"Silldorff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2010.07.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical physiology of hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2009.03.004","article-title":"A role for cytochrome P450 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/c17-20 lyase during shift in steroidogenesis occurring in ovarian follicles prior to oocyte maturation","volume":"115","author":"Sreenivasulu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02464409","article-title":"Response of plasma renin activity to hypotension and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in the turtle","volume":"154","author":"Stephens","year":"1984","journal-title":"J.Comp. Physiol. B: Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol."},{"volume-title":"Osmoregulation in the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus","year":"1982","author":"Taplin","key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C66"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1988.tb00721.x","article-title":"Osmoregulation in crocodilians","volume":"63","author":"Taplin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.212.4498.1045","article-title":"Salt glands in the tongue of the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus","volume":"212","author":"Taplin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00735713","article-title":"Lingual salt glands in Crocodylus acutus and C. johnstoni and their absence from Alligator mississipiensis and Caiman crocodilus","volume":"149","author":"Taplin","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1267","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00320.2015","article-title":"Periods of cardiovascular susceptibility to hypoxia in embryonic American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"310","author":"Tate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142522","article-title":"Biomonitoring heavy metal pollution using an aquatic apex predator, the American alligator, and its parasites","volume":"10","author":"Tellez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1995.1130","article-title":"The role of the renin\u2013angiotensin system in the control of blood pressure and drinking in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla","volume":"100","author":"Tierney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.10.013","article-title":"Changes in plasma angiotensin II, aldosterone, arginine vasotocin, corticosterone, and electrolyte concentrations during acclimation to dry condition and seawater in the crab-eating frog","volume":"195","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.961041318","article-title":"Interaction of environmental chemicals with the estrogen and progesterone receptors from the oviduct of the American alligator","volume":"104","author":"Vonier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0877-3","article-title":"The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine","volume":"40","author":"Wallimann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H805","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1980.239.6.H805","article-title":"Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to repeated blood sampling in the rat","volume":"8","author":"Walsh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2307\/3802596","article-title":"Growth rates of American alligators in coastal South Carolina","volume":"61","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Wildlife Manag."},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C78","first-page":"30673","article-title":"Feminizing effects of exposure to Corexit-enhanced water-accommodated fraction of crude oil in vitro on sex determination in Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"volume-title":"Environmental Physiology of Animals","year":"2009","author":"Willmer","key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C79"},{"key":"2021042512340970600_JEB181172C80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-5-1-45","article-title":"The renin\u2013angiotensin system in nonmammalian vertebrates","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.181172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.181172\/1903196\/jeb181172.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.181172\/2042142\/jeb_181172v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.181172\/2042142\/jeb_181172v1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T21:28:14Z","timestamp":1720301294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/doi\/10.1242\/jeb.181172\/259609\/Effects-of-chronic-exposure-to-12-saltwater-on-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"references-count":81,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.181172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1477-9145"},{"type":"print","value":"0022-0949"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"article-number":"jeb.181172"}}