{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:54:42Z","timestamp":1791104082211,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,6,1]],"date-time":"1994-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":770428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The ontogeny of shivering thermogenesis was investigated in the altricial red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). Two indices of heat production \u2013 the rate of oxygen consumption of the bird and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis (PECT) and gastrocnemius (GAST) muscles \u2013 were measured simultaneously in adult and nestling red-winged blackbirds as they were subjected first to thermoneutral temperatures and subsequently to progressively colder ambient temperatures (Ta). The ontogenetic changes in both indices indicated that the capability for thermogenesis in nestling red-winged blackbirds improved markedly with age. The metabolic rates of 3-day-old nestlings decreased during exposure to gradually falling ambient temperatures; at best, these nestlings were only able to maintain mass-specific at levels similar to or slightly above the resting metabolic rate at thermoneutral temperatures (RMR) for a short time before metabolic rates decreased with further cooling. Shivering was detected only in the PECT muscles and was of a relatively low intensity (maximum of sevenfold increase in intensity over basal levels). The 5-day-old nestlings increased mass-specific modestly (approximately 1.4-fold) above RMR and attained slightly higher maximal factorial increases in the EMG activity of the PECT (maximum of 18-fold basal levels) when exposed to the same experimental conditions. Shivering was also detected in the GAST muscles of these birds. The most striking improvements in both measures observed during the nestling period occurred between day 5 and day 8. Eight-day-old nestlings increased metabolic rates by approximately 2-to 2.5-fold over basal levels and sustained these elevated rates for longer before becoming hypothermic. Both the PECT and GAST muscles contributed significantly to shivering thermogenesis, and these older nestlings attained much higher factorial increases in the intensity of shivering (up to 72-fold) during exposure to cold temperatures. In addition, both the range and magnitude of the dominant frequencies of muscle activity in the PECT increased during postnatal development.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The PECT muscles were a principal site of shivering thermogenesis in all nestling and adult red-winged blackbirds studied here. Shivering in these muscles was a \u2018first line defense\u2019 against cold; the threshold temperature for shivering in the PECT muscles coincided with the lower critical temperature for oxygen consumption (TLC), and the subsequent increases in EMG activity in this muscle with further cooling correlated well with the corresponding increases in mass-specific .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.191.1.59","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T03:42:00Z","timestamp":1619322120000},"page":"59-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Ontogeny of Shivering Thermogenesis in the Red-Winged Blackbird (<i>Agelaius Phoeniceus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Villanova University Department of Biology , , Villanova, PA 19085, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Indication for non-shivering thermogenesis in the adult fowl (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"60C","author":"Arieli","year":"1978","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9629(76)80153-3","article-title":"The pectoral muscles and the development of thermoregulation in chicks of willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus)","volume":"53A","author":"Aulie","year":"1976","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C3","first-page":"E616","article-title":"Two daily glucagon injections induce nonshivering thermogenesis in Muscovy ducklings","volume":"252","author":"Barr\u00e9","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C4","first-page":"R533","article-title":"Potentiated muscular thermogenesis in cold-acclimated Muscovy duckling","volume":"249","author":"Barr\u00e9","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C5","first-page":"343","article-title":"Increased respiration in skeletal muscle mitochondria from cold-acclimated ducklings: uncoupling effects of free fatty acids","volume":"85B","author":"Barr\u00e9","year":"1986","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C6","first-page":"R758","article-title":"Calorigenic effect of glucagon and catecholamines in king penguin chicks","volume":"244","author":"Barr\u00e9","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.90.1.17","article-title":"Instantaneous measurements of oxygen consumption during pre-flight warm-up and post-flight cooling in sphingid and saturniid moths","volume":"90","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C8","first-page":"259","article-title":"Thermal and caloric relations in birds","volume-title":"Avian Biology","author":"Calder","year":"1974"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C9","first-page":"99","article-title":"Thermogenesis, brown fat and thermogenin","volume-title":"Survival in the Cold","author":"Cannon","year":"1981"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C10","first-page":"2215","article-title":"Studies on thermogenesis in cold-acclimated birds","volume":"41","author":"Chaffee","year":"1963","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1","article-title":"An algorithm for the machine computation of complex Fourier series","volume":"19","author":"Cooley","year":"1965","journal-title":"Math. Comp."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2307\/1366915","article-title":"Metabolism and thermoregulation in hatchling ring-billed gulls","volume":"78","author":"Dawson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C13","first-page":"R755","article-title":"Metabolic adjustments of small birds for migration and cold","volume":"245","author":"Dawson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1957.10.3.388","article-title":"Use of the Pauling oxygen analyzer for measurement of oxygen consumption of animals in open circuit systems and in short-lag, closed-circuit apparatus","volume":"10","author":"Depocas","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. appl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.134.1.1","article-title":"A functional analysis of the primary upstroke and downstroke muscles in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) during flight","volume":"134","author":"Dial","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0490621","article-title":"Cold-acclimation and the role of catecholamines in body temperature regulation in male leghorns","volume":"49","author":"El-Halawani","year":"1970","journal-title":"Poultry Sci."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C17","first-page":"119A","article-title":"The ontogeny of shivering, locomotor and metabolic capacities in western gulls","volume":"27","author":"Eppley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Zool"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(66)90195-2","article-title":"The effects of cold, noradrenaline and adrenaline upon the oxygen consumption and carbohydrate metabolism of the young fowl (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"18","author":"Freeman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(67)90732-3","article-title":"Some effects of cold on the metabolism of the fowl during the perinatal period","volume":"20","author":"Freeman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582331","article-title":"Initiation of muscle activity in spinalized pigeons during spinal cord cooling and warming","volume":"381","author":"G\u00f6rke","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70610-3_40","article-title":"Seasonal acclimation and thermogenesis","volume-title":"Circulation, Respiration and Metabolism","author":"Heldmaier","year":"1985"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1963.43.3.397","article-title":"Shivering","volume":"43","author":"Hemingway","year":"1963","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.55.3.30157889","article-title":"Inertial thermostability and thermoregulation in broods of red-wing blackbirds","volume":"55","author":"Hill","year":"1982","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C24","first-page":"25","article-title":"Dose-related effects of noradrenaline and corticosterone on temperature regulation in the pigeon","volume":"65C","author":"Hissa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(70)90042-3","article-title":"Thermoregulation in the titmouse (Parus major L","volume":"33","author":"Hissa","year":"1970","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C26","first-page":"243","article-title":"Effect of peripheral noradrenaline on thermoregulation in temperature-acclimated pigeon","volume":"51C","author":"Hissa","year":"1975","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010534","article-title":"The influence of centrally applied noradrenaline on shivering and body temperature in the pigeon","volume":"238","author":"Hissa","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Physiol., Lond."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.56.2.30156047","article-title":"Energetics and development of temperature regulation in capercaillie Tetrao urogallus","volume":"56","author":"Hissa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C29","first-page":"169","article-title":"Propranolol inhibits shivering in birds","volume":"66C","author":"Hissa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(82)90049-4","article-title":"Thermal and electromyographic correlates of shivering thermogenesis in the pigeon","volume":"73A","author":"Hohtola","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C31","article-title":"Shivering thermogenesis in birds","volume-title":"Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, Series A (Scientiae Rerum Naturalium), No. 139","author":"Hohtola","year":"1982"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.125.1.119","article-title":"The relationship of muscle electrical activity, tremor and heat production to shivering thermogenesis in Japanese quail","volume":"125","author":"Hohtola","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(74)90900-1","article-title":"Growth and development of temperature regulation in nestling cattle egrets","volume":"49A","author":"Hudson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C34","first-page":"237","article-title":"Evolution from ectothermia towards endothermia","volume-title":"Contributions to Thermal Physiology","author":"Hulbert","year":"1980"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1973.tb01115.x","article-title":"Non-shivering thermogenesis and its thermoregulatory significance","volume":"48","author":"Jansky","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.154.1.557","article-title":"The effect of sampling rate on the analysis of digital electromyograms from vertebrate muscle","volume":"154","author":"Jayne","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(71)90298-2","article-title":"The absence of brown adipose tissue in birds","volume":"40A","author":"Johnston","year":"1971","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C38","first-page":"86P","article-title":"Changes in the resting potentials of growing chicken skeletal muscles","volume":"196","author":"Karzel","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Physiol., Lond."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688727","article-title":"The effect of cold on norepinephrine turnover in tissues of seasonally acclimatized redpolls, Carduelis flammea","volume":"146","author":"Koban","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C40","volume-title":"Electromyography for Experimentalists","author":"Loeb","year":"1986"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010846","article-title":"Effects of noradrenaline infused into the chick hypothalamus on thermoregulation below thermoneutrality","volume":"245","author":"Marley","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Physiol., Lond."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74078-7_6","article-title":"Avian adjustments to cold","volume":"4","author":"Marsh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.44.3.30155570","article-title":"Growth and the development of endothermy in the mountain white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha)","volume":"44","author":"Morton","year":"1971","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00605405","article-title":"Thermal sensitivity of different skin areas in pigeons","volume":"116","author":"Necker","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00579321","article-title":"Effects of spinal deafferentation on temperature regulation and spinal thermosensitivity in pigeons","volume":"360","author":"Necker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C46","first-page":"277","article-title":"Growth and metabolism in nestling passerines","volume":"35","author":"O\u2019connor","year":"1975","journal-title":"Symp. zool. Soc., Lond."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1942.136.4.618","article-title":"Muscle tremors and the development of temperature regulation in birds","volume":"136","author":"Odum","year":"1942","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C48","first-page":"180pp","volume-title":"Physiological and biochemical aspects of the development of endothermy in an altricial bird, the red-winged blackbird. PhD thesis, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor","author":"Olson","year":"1990"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2307\/4088116","article-title":"Thermal relations of nestling red-winged blackbirds in southeastern Michigan","volume":"108","author":"Olson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.65.1.30158243","article-title":"Growth, the development of endothermy and the allocation of energy in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) during the nestling period","volume":"65","author":"Olson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2307\/1368340","article-title":"Fat from black-capped chickadees: brown adipose tissue?","volume":"90","author":"Olson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(71)90215-5","article-title":"Thermoregulation in young black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus L","volume":"38A","author":"Palokangas","year":"1971","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00592743","article-title":"Independent development of contractile properties and myosin light chains in embryonic chick fast and slow muscle","volume":"378","author":"Pette","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302287","article-title":"Die Bedeutung der zentralnervosen Thermosensitivit\u00e4t f\u00fcr die Temperaturregulation der Taube","volume":"62","author":"Rautenberg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Z. vergl. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C55","first-page":"45","article-title":"Is the \u2018mammalian\u2019 brown fat-specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein present in adipose tissue of birds?","volume":"100B","author":"Saarela","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0027660","article-title":"Temperature regulation: the spinal cord as a site of extrahypothalamic thermoregulatory functions","volume":"71","author":"Simon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmac."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C57","first-page":"R130","article-title":"Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in conscious Pekin ducks","volume":"235","author":"Simon-Oppermann","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691560","article-title":"Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in California quail (Lophortyx californicus)","volume":"117","author":"Snapp","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1957.191.1.157","article-title":"Muscular heat production in pigeons during exposure to cold","volume":"191","author":"Steen","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C60","article-title":"Myologia","volume-title":"Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Vanden Berge","year":"1979"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.214.4.908","article-title":"Sympathetic control of homeothermy in the young chick","volume":"214","author":"Wekstein","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.38.2.30152817","article-title":"Shivering and heat production in wild birds","volume":"38","author":"West","year":"1965","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1139\/y68-110","article-title":"Power spectral density and probability analysis of electromyograms in shivering birds","volume":"46","author":"West","year":"1968","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac"},{"key":"2023051510050826100_JEXBIO_191_1_59C64","volume-title":"SYSTAT: The System for Statistics. Systat, Inc., Evanston, IL","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/191\/1\/59\/2854131\/jexbio_191_1_59.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/191\/1\/59\/2854131\/jexbio_191_1_59.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T10:06:19Z","timestamp":1684145179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/191\/1\/59\/6759\/The-Ontogeny-of-Shivering-Thermogenesis-in-the-Red"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,6,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.191.1.59","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,6,1]]}}}