{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:26:09Z","timestamp":1762867569862,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/K503526\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/K503526\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Jellyfish are a successful and diverse class of animals that swim via jet propulsion, with swimming performance and propulsive efficiency being related to the animal's feeding ecology and body morphology. The Rhizostomeae jellyfish lack tentacles but possess four oral lobes and eight trailing arms at the centre of their bell, giving them a body morphology quite unlike that of other free-swimming medusae. The implications of this body morphology on the mechanisms by which thrust is produced are unknown. Here we determined the wake structure and propulsive efficiency in the blue-blubber jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus; order Rhizostomeae). The animal is propelled during both bell contraction and bell relaxation by different thrust generating mechanisms. During bell contraction, a jet of fluid is expelled from the subumbrellar cavity, which results from the interaction between the counter-rotating stopping (from the preceding contraction cycle) and starting vortices, creating a vortex superstructure and propulsion. This species is also able to utilize passive energy recapture, that increases the animal's swimming velocity towards the end of the bell expansion phase when the bell diameter is constant. The thrust produced during this phase is the result of the flexible bell margin manoeuvring the stopping vortex into the subumbrellar cavity during bell relaxation, enhancing its circulation, and creating a region of high pressure on the inner surface of the bell and, consequently, thrust. These mechanisms of thrust generation result in C. mosaicus having a relatively high propulsive efficiency compared to other swimmers, indicating that economical locomotion could be a contributing factor in the ecological success of these medusan swimmers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.191148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T13:49:17Z","timestamp":1540216157000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Jet-paddling jellies: swimming performance in the Rhizostomeae jellyfish<i>Catostylus mosaicus<\/i>(Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7536-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Neil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1010-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham N.","family":"Askew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Principles of Animal Locomotion","year":"2003","author":"Alexander","key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C1"},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01507","article-title":"Jet flow in steadily swimming adult squid","volume":"208","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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Biol."},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.119.1.149","article-title":"Cost of locomotion: unsteady medusan swimming","volume":"119","author":"Daniel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.134.1.313","article-title":"Mechanics of jet propulsion in the hydromedusan jellyfish, Polyorchis pexicillatus: I. Mechanical properties of the locomotor structure","volume":"134","author":"DeMont","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17904","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306983110","article-title":"Passive energy recapture in jellyfish contributes to propulsive advantage over other metazoans","volume":"44","author":"Gemmell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150389","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0389","article-title":"Control of vortex rings for manoeuvrability","volume":"12","author":"Gemmell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112097008410","article-title":"A universal time scale for vortex ring formation","volume":"360","author":"Gharib","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"year":"2003","author":"Gibson","key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C30"},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000420","article-title":"Description of particle size, distribution, and behavior of talc preparations commercially available within the United States","volume":"25","author":"Gilbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bronchol. Interv. Pulmonol."},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.052506","article-title":"A numerical study of the effects of bell pulsation dynamics and oral arms on the exchange currents generated by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana","volume":"214","author":"Hamlet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/3\/3\/034001","article-title":"Software techniques for two-and three-dimensional kinematic measurements of biological and biomimetic systems","author":"Hedrick","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021042513284699600_JEB191148C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022432","article-title":"Description of feeding apparatus and mechanism in Nemopilema nomurai kishinouye (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae)","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. 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