{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:14:19Z","timestamp":1787314459247,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]],"date-time":"1995-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":804556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nitrogenous waste excretion in resting dogfish occurred largely (&amp;gt;90 %) as urea-nitrogen (urea-N) efflux across the gills, with a very small urea efflux via the kidney. Ammonia excretion, almost entirely at the gills, accounted for less than 3 % of total nitrogen excretion. Given the extremely high blood urea levels (approximately 640 mmol-N l\u22121) \u2018retained\u2019 for osmoregulation, and blood ammonia levels (approximately 80 \u03bcmol-N l\u22121) comparable to those of teleosts, the gills of resting dogfish were exceptionally impermeable to both urea and ammonia. Experiments investigated the origins of these low permeabilities and the responses of urea-N and ammonia-N excretion and acid\u2013base status to 6 h infusions with iso-osmotic solutions of NaCl (control), NH4Cl, NaHCO3, urea and its analogues thiourea and acetamide. NaCl had no effects, whereas NH4Cl loading caused intense acidosis and marked elevation of acidic equivalent, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion rates, the latter despite unchanged blood levels of urea-N. Apparent branchial ammonia permeability increased greatly. Acidosis resulted from both stimulated urea production and branchial NH3 loss, the former making the larger contribution. NaHCO3 loading caused intense alkalosis, a marked elevation of basic equivalent excretion and a moderate stimulation of urea-N excretion. Blood urea-N levels were again unchanged. Infusion of urea itself raised blood urea-N levels, but initially reduced branchial urea-N excretion. Acetamide and thiourea infusions both moderately elevated branchial urea-N excretion. We suggest that the low ammonia permeability may arise metabolically from an ammonia scavenging system in the gills, that a \u2018back-transport\u2019 mechanism in the gills may contribute to the low urea permeability, and that the dissociation between blood urea-N levels and excretion rates may reflect urea production at extrahepatic sites. These studies demonstrate that urea synthesis in the dogfish is linked more to nitrogen availability than to acid\u2013base status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.7.1545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T23:49:05Z","timestamp":1619308145000},"page":"1545-1558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Ammonia and Urea Metabolism in Relation to Gill Function and Acid\u2013Base Balance in A Marine Elasmobranch, the Spiny Dogfish (\n                    <i>Squalus Acanthias<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Chris. M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University 1 Department of Biology , , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"P\u00e4rt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University 2 Department of Ecotoxicology , , Norbyv\u00e4gen 18A, S-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Guelph 3 Department of Zoology , , Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031720455275000_JEXBIO_198_7_1545C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6245445","article-title":"Glutamine and N-acetylglutamate-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase in elasmobranchs","volume":"208","author":"Anderson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024031720455275000_JEXBIO_198_7_1545C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43258-9","article-title":"Purification and properties of the glutamine- and N-acetyl-L-glutamate dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from liver of Squalus acanthias","volume":"256","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. biol. 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