{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:36:19Z","timestamp":1792283779941,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]],"date-time":"1996-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":849398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We have used high-speed video microscopy to measure in vivo length oscillations of the indirect flight muscles of the fruit fly Drosophila virilis during tethered flight. The changes in muscle strain were measured by tracking the deformation of the thoracic exoskeleton at the origin and insertion of both the dorsal longitudinal (DLM) and the dorsal ventral (DVM) muscles. The mean peak-to-peak strain amplitudes were found to be 3.5 % for the DLMs and 3.3 % for the DVMs, although the strain amplitude within individual cycles ranged from 2 to 5 %. These values are consistent with the small number of previous measurements of indirect flight muscle strain in other insects, but almost an order of magnitude greater than the strain amplitudes used in most biophysical studies of skinned Drosophila fibers. The results suggest that serial compliance within this sarcomere would need to relieve approximately 70 % of the total strain in order for individual crossbridges to remain attached throughout a complete contraction\u2013extension cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.12.2767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T03:58:21Z","timestamp":1619323101000},"page":"2767-2774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["<i>in vivo<\/i> Length Oscillations of Indirect Flight Muscles in The Fruit Fly <i>Drosophila Virilis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Wai Pang","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Muscular contraction","volume-title":"Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology","author":"Aidley","year":"1985"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C2","first-page":"50","article-title":"Springs for wings","volume":"268","author":"Alexander","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C3","first-page":"325","article-title":"Ultrastructure de la junction myo-epidermique chez les Dipteres","volume":"2","author":"Auber","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Microscopie"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01739758","article-title":"Tension and stiffness of frog muscle fibres at full filament overlap","volume":"11","author":"Bagni","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C5","first-page":"117","article-title":"The machinery of insect flight","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Invertebrate Physiology","author":"Boettiger","year":"1957"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2307\/1538368","article-title":"The mechanics of flight movements in Diptera","volume":"102","author":"Boettiger","year":"1952","journal-title":"Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.13.4.30151588","article-title":"Respiration during flight in Drosophila repleta Wollaston: The oxygen consumption considered in relation to wing-rate","volume":"13","author":"Chadwick","year":"1953","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901770410","article-title":"Neurons associated with the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"177","author":"Coggshall","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.9.2085","article-title":"The wake dynamics and flight forces of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"199","author":"Dickinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7701346","article-title":"Muscle efficiency and elastic storage in the flight motor of Drosophila","volume":"128","author":"Dickinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C11","article-title":"The function of Dipteran flight muscle","volume-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A (in press)","author":"Dickinson","year":"1996"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.160.1.71","article-title":"Limitations on animal flight performance","volume":"160","author":"Ellington","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.127.1.355","article-title":"A comparative study of the flight mechanism of Diptera","volume":"127","author":"Ennos","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/368113a0","article-title":"Single myosin molecule mechanics: piconewton forces and nanometer steps","volume":"368","author":"Finer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.183.1.101","article-title":"In vivo muscle length changes in bumblebees and the in vitro effects on work and power","volume":"183","author":"Gilmour","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.183.1.77","article-title":"Power output of glycerinated bumblebee flight muscle","volume":"183","author":"Gilmour","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00272517","article-title":"Flight control in Drosophila by visual perception of motion","volume":"4","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"1968","journal-title":"Kybernetic"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.128.1.35","article-title":"Course-control, metabolism and wing interference during ultralong tethered flight in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"128","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337435","article-title":"Optomotor control of wing beat and body posture in Drosophila","volume":"35","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol. Cybernetics"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00357927","article-title":"Optomotor control of the force of flight in Drosophila and Musca. II. Covariance of lift and thrust in still air","volume":"51","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol. Cybernetics"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79586-3","article-title":"Nonuniform elasticity of titin in cardiac myocytes: a study using immunoelectron microscopy and cellular mechanics","volume":"70","author":"Granzier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(75)90094-7","article-title":"X-ray evidence for conformational changes in the myosin filaments of vertebrate striated muscle","volume":"92","author":"Haselgrove","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. molec. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C23","first-page":"35","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of flight contol in Diptera","volume-title":"BIONA-Report 2","author":"Heide","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)79975-1","article-title":"Compliance of thin filaments in the skinned fibers of rabbit skeletal muscle","volume":"69","author":"Higuchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80728-3","article-title":"X-ray diffraction measurements of the extensibility of actin and myosin filaments in contracting muscle","volume":"67","author":"Huxley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1336","article-title":"Single-molecule analysis of the actomyosin motor using nano-manipulation","volume":"199","author":"Ishijima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79582-6","article-title":"Multiple- and single-molecule analysis of the actomyosin motor by nanometer\u2013piconewton manipulation with a microneedle: unitary steps and forces","volume":"70","author":"Ishijima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.145.1.45","article-title":"Strain, muscle length and work output in a crab muscle","volume":"145","author":"Josephson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/27.4.991","article-title":"Fiber ultrastructure and contraction kinetics in insect fast muscles","volume":"27","author":"Josephson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013902","article-title":"Tension, stiffness, unloaded shortening speed and potentiation of frog muscle fibres at sarcomere lengths below optimum","volume":"319","author":"Julian","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Physiol., Lond."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C31","first-page":"491","article-title":"Flying","volume-title":"Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology","author":"Kammer","year":"1985"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(08)60266-0","article-title":"Insect flight metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Kammer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adv. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(91)82227-5","article-title":"Two step mechanism of phosphate release and the mechanism of force generation in chemically skinned fibers of rabbit psoas muscle","volume":"59","author":"Kawai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12962","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.12962","article-title":"Direct measurement of stiffness of single actin filaments with and without tropomyosin by in vitro nanomanipulation","volume":"91","author":"Kojima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051230411","article-title":"The structure of developing muscle insertions in insects","volume":"123","author":"Lai-Fook","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Morph."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/111.4.845","article-title":"Genetic variability of flight metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Relationship between power output and enzyme activity levels","volume":"111","author":"Laurie-Ahlberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C37","article-title":"Aerodynamische, kinematische und electrophysiologische Aspekte der Flugkrafterzeugung und Flugkraftsteuerung bei der Taufliege Drosophila melanogaster","volume-title":"PhD dissertation, Eberhad-Karls-Universit\u00e4t, T\u00fcbingen","author":"Lehmann","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1960.0041","article-title":"The physiology of insect fibrillar muscle. III. The effect of sinusoidal changes of length on a beetle flight muscle","volume":"152","author":"Machin","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C39","volume-title":"Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada","author":"Mcalpine","year":"1981"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C40","first-page":"420","article-title":"The internal anatomy and histology of the imago of Drosophila melanogaster","volume-title":"Biology of Drosophila","author":"Miller","year":"1950"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00132183","article-title":"A non-flight muscle isoform of Drosophila tropomyosin rescues an indirect flight muscle tropomyosin mutant","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1985.0154","article-title":"How Diptera move their wings: a re-examination of the wing base articulation and muscle systems concerned with flight","volume":"311","author":"Miyan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C43","volume-title":"Active insect fibrillar flight muscle, its mechanical performance and cross-bridge kinetics. PhD thesis, University of York","author":"Molloy","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/378209a0","article-title":"Movement and force produced by a single myosin head","volume":"378","author":"Molloy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2872-2_15","article-title":"Effects of tropomyosin deficiency in flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster","volume-title":"Mechanism of Myofilament Sliding in Muscle Contraction","author":"Molloy","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01843574","article-title":"Physiological properties of the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle and the tergal depressor of the trochanter muscle of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"11","author":"Peckham","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004326","article-title":"The excitation and contraction of the flight muscles of insects","volume":"108","author":"Pringle","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Physiol., Lond."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C48","volume-title":"Insect Flight","author":"Pringle","year":"1957"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2307\/1538681","article-title":"Movements of the thorax and potential changes in the thoracic muscles of insects during flight","volume":"100","author":"Roeder","year":"1951","journal-title":"Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C50","first-page":"1","article-title":"An electron microscopical study of the innervation and sarcoplasmic reticulum of the fibrillar flight muscle in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"105","author":"Shafiq","year":"1964","journal-title":"Q. J. microsc. Sci."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C51","volume-title":"Principles of Insect Morphology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press","author":"Snodgrass","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C52","first-page":"1","article-title":"The flight-tone (wing stroke frequency) of insects","volume":"4","author":"Sotavalta","year":"1947","journal-title":"Acta ent. Fenn."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/374592a0","article-title":"Flight and phosphorylation","volume":"374","author":"Sparrow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(90)90116-A","article-title":"Non-shivering thermogenesis in asynchronous flight muscles of bumblebees? Comparative studies on males of Bombus terrestris, Xylocopa sulcatipes and Acherontia atropos","volume":"97A","author":"Surholt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/374650a0","article-title":"Impairment of muscle function caused by mutations of phosphorylation sites in myosin regulatory light chain","volume":"374","author":"Tohtong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C56","first-page":"256s","article-title":"Smooth muscle myosin: a high force-generating molecular motor","volume":"68","author":"Vanburen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80729-5","article-title":"X-ray diffraction evidence for the extensibility of actin and myosin filaments during muscle contraction","volume":"67","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050720308","article-title":"The flight muscles of Drosophila repleta","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Morph."},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312219","article-title":"Wing beat of Calliphora erythrocephala: turning axis and gearbox of the wing base (Insecta, Diptera)","volume":"107","author":"Wisser","year":"1988","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"key":"2024031721510506700_JEXBIO_199_12_2767C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312139","article-title":"Functional\u2013morphological investigations on the flight muscles and their insertion points in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta, Diptera)","volume":"104","author":"Wisser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/199\/12\/2767\/3392640\/jexbio_199_12_2767.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/199\/12\/2767\/3392640\/jexbio_199_12_2767.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T21:51:27Z","timestamp":1710712287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/199\/12\/2767\/7141\/in-vivo-Length-Oscillations-of-Indirect-Flight"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.199.12.2767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]}}}