{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:28:06Z","timestamp":1761920886974},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]],"date-time":"1996-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":828316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The Na+ current of \u2018swimming motor neurones\u2019 in the hydromedusan Polyorchis penicillatus was tetrodotoxin-insensitive. The local anaesthetics lidocaine and procainamide caused partial, non use-dependent blockade of the Na+ channel. Veratridine produced partial blockade of the Na+ channel without affecting inactivation. An order of blocking potency of di- and trivalent cations was established as: La3+ = Zn2+ = Cd2+ &amp;gt; Ni2+ &amp;gt; Mn2+ = Co2+ &amp;gt; Ca2+ &amp;gt; Ba2+ &amp;gt; Mg2+. All these cations, except Ba2+, produced depolarizing shifts in the conductance\u2013voltage curves. Even at relatively high concentrations, the dihydropyridines nicardipine, nitrendipine and (+)Bay K 8644 produced only weak blockade of the Na+ current; while nimodipine, nifedipine and (\u2212)Bay K 8644 were ineffective. Diltiazem and verapamil weakly blocked the Na+ current in a dose-dependent manner with no evidence of use-dependence. The calmodulin inhibitors W7 and calmidazolium were ineffective blockers of Na+ currents. Crude Conus venoms and the Conus peptides, \u03bc-conotoxin GIIA, \u03bcO-conotoxin MrVIA, w-conotoxin GVIA and \u03c9-conotoxin MVIIC, were without effect. Capsaicin produced rapid, reversable blockade of Na+ current.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>It has been suggested that \u2018primitive\u2019 Na+ channels could be expected to have pharmacological properties that are intermediate between those of Na+ and Ca2+ channels. If such channels exist, the Na+ channel described here is clearly not one of them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.4.941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:17:39Z","timestamp":1619324259000},"page":"941-948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pharmacological Properties of Voltage-Gated Na+ Currents in Motor Neurones from a Hydrozoan Jellyfish <i>Polyorchis Penicillatus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"J. David","family":"Spafford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences , , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikita G.","family":"Grigoriev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences , , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences , , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024031721311206800_JEXBIO_199_4_941C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.78.1.299","article-title":"Ionic basis of action potentials and bursting activity in the hydromedusan jellyfish, Polyorchis penicillatus","volume":"78","author":"Anderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. exp. 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