{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:58:19Z","timestamp":1774940299378,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIN 2017-03843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIN 2017-03843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ventilatory sensitivity to ammonia occurs in teleosts, elasmobranchs, and mammals. Here we investigated whether the response is present in hagfish. Ventilatory parameters (nostril flow, pressure amplitude, velar frequency, and ventilatory index, the latter representing the product of pressure amplitude times frequency), together with blood and water chemistry, were measured in hagfish exposed to either high environmental ammonia (HEA) in the external sea water or internal ammonia loading by intra-vascular injection. HEA exposure (10 mM NH4HCO3 or 10 mM NH4Cl) caused a persistent hyperventilation by 3 h, but further detailed analysis of the NH4HCO3 response showed that initially (within 5 min) there was a marked decrease in ventilation (80% reduction in ventilatory index and nostril flow), followed by a later 3-fold increase, by which time plasma total ammonia concentration had increased 11-fold. Thus, hyperventilation in HEA appeared to be an indirect response to internal ammonia elevation, rather than a direct response to external ammonia. HEA-mediated increases in oxygen consumption also occurred. Responses to NH4HCO3 were greater than those to NH4Cl, reflecting greater increases over time in water pH and PNH3 in the former. Hagfish also exhibited hyperventilation in response to direct injections of isotonic NH4HCO3 or NH4Cl solutions into the caudal sinus. In all cases where hyperventilation occurred, plasma total ammonia and PNH3 levels increased significantly, while blood acid-base status remained unchanged, indicating specific responses to internal ammonia elevations. The sensitivity of breathing to ammonia arose very early in vertebrate evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T15:05:27Z","timestamp":1561043127000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ventilatory sensitivity to ammonia in the Pacific hagfish (<i>Eptatretus stoutii<\/i>), a representative of the oldest extant connection to the ancestral vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0278-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junho","family":"Eom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8163-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Giacomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2836-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg G.","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-2219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042513370852900_JEB199794C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2008.11.006","article-title":"The evolution and elaboration of vertebrate neural crest cells","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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