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The maximum tetanic tension was approximately 40 kN m\u22122; the ratio of twitch force to tetanic force was approximately 0.2. The unstimulated muscle was quite resistant to stretch, with a low-frequency stiffness of 730 kN m\u22122 at muscle lengths close to that of the muscle in vivo. The length\u2013tension curve for active tetanic tension (that is the increase in tension above the passive level during stimulation) was very narrow, with a half-width equal to only 17 % of the optimal length. The muscle strain during tethered flight was approximately 2 % peak-to-peak, occasionally reaching 3 %. Strain amplitude increased with wing stroke frequency. The thoracic vibration frequency of escape buzzing, during which the wings are not extended but are folded over the abdomen, was approximately twice that of tethered flight but the muscle strain was similar to that of flight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.8.1215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:18:20Z","timestamp":1619324300000},"page":"1215-1226","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Power Output From a Flight Muscle of the Bumblebee <i>Bombus Terrestris<\/i> : I. Some Features of the Dorso-Ventral Flight Muscle"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Josephson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 1 School of Biological Sciences , , Irvine, CA 92717, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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