{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:56:47Z","timestamp":1791093407030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]],"date-time":"1998-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":901929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The function of the love dart in certain species of terrestrial snails is unknown. In Helix aspersa, the dart is a sharp calcareous structure that is used to pierce the partner\u2019s skin during courtship. When expelled, the dart is covered with a thick mucus. The hypothesis tested here is that the mucus contains a biologically active substance. Extracts of the digitiform glands that produce this mucus were applied to parts of the reproductive system in vitro. The extracts triggered an initial reconfiguration of the copulatory canal that caused the bursa tract diverticulum to become more accessible to the spermatophore. The reconfiguration of the copulatory canal also closed off the tract leading to the bursa copulatrix, a sperm-digesting organ. A few minutes after the initial contraction, the peristaltic contractions in the diverticulum became significantly more frequent. This latter effect continued for at least 1 h, provided that the mucus extract remained in the saline bath. The minimum effective dosage was less than the 2.2 mg of mucus transferred with the dart.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Sperm competition is expected in Helix aspersa since multiple matings occur before eggs are laid. By influencing the female organs involved in the processing of foreign sperm, the dart shooter may increase the chance that his sperm will fertilise eggs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.15.2313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T23:28:46Z","timestamp":1619220526000},"page":"2313-2319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Changes in the Reproductive System of the Snail <i>Helix Aspersa<\/i> Caused by Mucus From the Love Dart"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Joris M.","family":"Koene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University Department of Biology , , 1205 Avenue Dr Penfield, Montreal (Quebec), H3A 1B1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University Department of Biology , , 1205 Avenue Dr Penfield, Montreal (Quebec), H3A 1B1 Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-211","article-title":"Courtship and copulation in the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa","volume":"66","author":"Adamo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402550111","article-title":"The \u2018love dart\u2019 of the snail Helix aspersa injects a pheromone that decreases courtship duration","volume":"255","author":"Adamo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. exp. Zool"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0080","article-title":"Dart shooting in Helicid snails: An \u2018honest\u2019 signal or an instrument of manipulation?","volume":"180","author":"Adamo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. theor. Biol"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325321","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Sekretion der fingerf\u00f6rmigen Dr\u00fcssen von Helix pomatia L","volume":"78","author":"B\u00f6rnchen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. 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Zool"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C8","first-page":"491","article-title":"Laboratory study of calcium requirements of the brown garden snail, Helix aspersa M\u00fcller","volume":"40","author":"Crowell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C9","first-page":"431","article-title":"Molecular biomechanics of molluscan mucous secretions","volume-title":"In The Mollusca","author":"Denny","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C10","first-page":"47","article-title":"Sulla funzione della glandole digitale del gen","volume":"6","author":"Dorello","year":"1925","journal-title":"Helix. Atti R. Accad. Naz. Lincei Ser"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/64.1.75","article-title":"The love dart of Helix aspersa M\u00fcller is not a gift of calcium","volume":"64","author":"Koene","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Moll. Stud"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C12","first-page":"163","article-title":"\u00dcber Liebespfeile, Schnecken und Weltbilder","volume":"90B","author":"Kothbauer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80695-2","article-title":"The \u2018love-dart\u2019 in Helicid snails: a gift of calcium or a firm commitment?","volume":"159","author":"Leonard","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. theor. Biol"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1973.tb04652.x","article-title":"The functional significance of the spermatophore and the fate of the spermatozoa in the genital tract of Helix pomatia (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)","volume":"169","author":"Lind","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Zool., Lond"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.35.2.260","article-title":"The blood volumes of representative molluscs","volume":"35","author":"Martin","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol"},{"key":"2024110710273769700_JEXBIO_201_15_2313C16","first-page":"145","article-title":"Studies of the reproductive biology of gastropods. III. Calcium provision and the evolution of terrestrial eggs among gastropods","volume":"30","author":"Tompa","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. 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