{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:49:45Z","timestamp":1765961385755,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,15]],"date-time":"1998-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":905817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The resistance of the scorpion Androctonus australis to its own venom, as well as to the venom of other species, was investigated. A comparison of the electrical and pharmacological properties of muscle and nerve fibres from Androctonus australis with those from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii enabled us to understand the lack of effect of scorpion venom (110\u2013180 \u03bcg ml\u22121) and purified toxins, which are active on voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels, Ca2+-activated K+ channels, on scorpion tissues. Voltage-clamp experiments showed that peptide K+ channel blockers from scorpion and snake have no effect on currents in muscle and nerve fibres from either scorpions or crayfish. The scorpion toxin kaliotoxin (KTX), a specific blocker of Kv1.1 and Kv1.3 K+ channels, had no effect on muscle fibres of A. australis (2 \u03bcmol l\u22121) or P. clarkii (400 nmol l\u22121). Similarly, charybdotoxin (ChTX) had no effect on the muscle fibres of A. australis (10 \u03bcmol l\u22121) or P. clarkii (200 nmol l\u22121) and neither did the snake toxin dendrotoxin (DTX) at concentrations of 100 nmol l\u22121 in A. australis and 200 nmol l\u22121 in P. clarkii. These three toxins (KTX, ChTX and DTX) did not block K+ currents recorded from nerve fibres in P. clarkii. The pharmacology of the K+ channels in these two arthropods did not conform to that previously described for K+ channels in other species. Current-clamp experiments clearly indicated that the venom of A. australis (50 \u03bcg ml\u22121) had no effect on the shape of the action potential recorded from nerve cord axons from A. australis. At a concentration of 50 \u03bcg ml\u22121, A. australis venom greatly prolonged the action potential in the crayfish giant axon. The absence of any effect of the anti-mammal \u03b1-toxin AaH II (100 nmol l\u22121) and the anti-insect toxin AaH IT1 (100 nmol l\u22121) on scorpion nerve fibres revealed strong pharmacological differences between the voltage-gated Na+ channels of scorpion and crayfish. We conclude that the venom from A. australis is pharmacologically inactive on K+ channels and on voltage-sensitive Na+ channels from this scorpion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.18.2625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T23:27:55Z","timestamp":1619220475000},"page":"2625-2636","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The myth of scorpion suicide: are scorpions insensitive to their own venom?"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Legros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 6560 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1 Laboratoire de Biochimie , , Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Recherche Jean Roche , , Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e 1 Laboratoire de Biochimie , , Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Recherche Jean Roche , , Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-France","family":"Martin-Eauclaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 6560 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1 Laboratoire de Biochimie , , Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Recherche Jean Roche , , Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e 1 Laboratoire de Biochimie , , Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Recherche Jean Roche , , Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cattaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 6560 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1 Laboratoire de Biochimie , , Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Recherche Jean Roche , , Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e 1 Laboratoire de Biochimie , , Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Recherche Jean Roche , , Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Secteur Nord, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, F-13916 Marseille Cedex 20, France"},{"name":"2 Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Mouvements, UPR 9011 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Recherche \u2018Sciences du Cerveau\u2019, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110710413093900_JEXBIO_201_18_2625C1","first-page":"666","article-title":"The effect of scorpion venom on single myelinated nerve fibers of the frog","volume":"26","author":"Adam","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br. 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