{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:08:30Z","timestamp":1788365310554,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]],"date-time":"1998-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":891388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many osteichthyan fishes obtain oxygen from both air, using a lung, and water, using gills. Although it is commonly thought that fishes air-breathe to survive hypoxic aquatic habitats, other reasons may be more important in many species. This study was undertaken to determine the significance of air-breathing in two fish species while exercising in oxygen-rich water. Oxygen consumption from air and water was measured during mild activity in bowfin (Amia calva) and spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) by sealing a fish in an acrylic flume that contained an air-hole. At 19\u201323\u00b0C, the rate of oxygen consumption from air in both species was modest at rest. During low-level exercise, more than 50% of the oxygen consumed by both species was from the air (53.0\u00b122.9% L. oculatus; 66.4\u00b18.3% A. calva).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.7.943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T01:19:05Z","timestamp":1619313545000},"page":"943-948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Air-Breathing During Activity in the Fishes\n                    <i>Amia Calva<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Lepisosteus Oculatus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"C. G.","family":"Farmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Physiology and Biotechnology , , Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. C.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Physiology and Biotechnology , , Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C1","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Fishes. of. Wisconsin","author":"Becker","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/34.2.289","article-title":"The evolution of lung\u2013gill bimodal breathing and the homology of vertebrate respiratory pumps","volume":"34","author":"Brainerd","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Zool"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(85)90008-8","article-title":"The muscular basis of aerial ventilation of the primitive lung of Amia. calva","volume":"59","author":"Deyst","year":"1985","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300019734","article-title":"Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates?","volume":"23","author":"Farmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9650413","article-title":"Studies on the Queensland lungfish, Neoceratodus. forsteri (Krefft). III. Aerial respiration in relation to habits","volume":"13","author":"Grigg","year":"1965","journal-title":"Aust. J. Zool"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C6","first-page":"511","article-title":"Description of Ceratodus, a genus of Ganoid fishes, recently discovered in rivers of Queensland, Australia","volume":"161","author":"Gunther","year":"1871","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90068-X","article-title":"Respiration in a primitive air breather, Amia. calva","volume":"9","author":"Johansen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1139\/z78-101","article-title":"The fishes and the aquatic environment of the central Amazon basin, with particular reference to respiratory patterns","volume":"56","author":"Kramer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C9","first-page":"95","article-title":"The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes","volume":"150","author":"Lauder","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/28.2.739","article-title":"Form and function of lungs: The evolution of air-breathing mechanisms","volume":"28","author":"Liem","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Zool"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(66)80055-6","article-title":"Breathing and function in the spiracles in Polypterus. senegalus","volume":"14","author":"Magid","year":"1966","journal-title":"Anim. Behav"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1974.tb00751.x","article-title":"The evolution of air breathing in Paleozoic gnathostome fishes","volume":"28","author":"Packard","year":"1974","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(71)90003-X","article-title":"Air-breathing of the garfish (Lepisosteus. osseus)","volume":"11","author":"Rahn","year":"1971","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90114-6","article-title":"Aspects of bimodal gas exchange in the bowfin, Amia. calva. L. (Actinopterygii: Amiiformes)","volume":"43","author":"Randall","year":"1981","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C15","first-page":"59","article-title":"The natural history of Amia. calva Linnaeus","volume-title":"In Mark. Anniversary. Volume","author":"Reighard","year":"1903"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C16","first-page":"2628","article-title":"Effects of temperature, light, feeding and activity on the rate of aerial breathing in gar (Lepisosteus)","volume":"24","author":"Saksena","year":"1963","journal-title":"Diss. Abstr"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C17","article-title":"Patterns of ventilation and acid\u2013base recovery following exhausting activity in the air-breathing fish Lepisosteus. oculatus","volume-title":"MSc thesis, University of Texas","author":"Shipman","year":"1989"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C18","first-page":"493","article-title":"Social and respiratory behavior of small Tarpon","volume":"25","author":"Shlaifer","year":"1940","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.96.1.263","article-title":"Respiration and acid\u2013base physiology of the spotted gar, a bimodal breather. I. Normal values and the response to severe hypoxia","volume":"96","author":"Smatresk","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol"},{"key":"2024032020311831500_JEXBIO_201_7_943C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.96.1.281","article-title":"Respiration and acid\u2013base physiology of the spotted gar, a bimodal breather. II. Responses to temperature change and hypercapnia","volume":"96","author":"Smatresk","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. exp. Biol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/201\/7\/943\/3399334\/jexbio_201_7_943.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/201\/7\/943\/3399334\/jexbio_201_7_943.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T16:31:49Z","timestamp":1710952309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/201\/7\/943\/7899\/Air-Breathing-During-Activity-in-the-Fishes-Amia"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.201.7.943","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,4,1]]}}}