{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:59:20Z","timestamp":1777651160657,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>White muscle strains were recorded using sonomicrometry techniques for 70 fast-starts in the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. High-speed cin\u00e9 images were recorded simultaneously for 54 of these starts, and muscle strain was calculated independently from the digitized outlines of the fish. Sonomicrometry measurements of superficial muscle strain were not significantly different from the strain as calculated from the theory of simple bending of a homogeneous material: superficial muscle strain thus varied with chordwise distance from the spine. However, white muscle strain across a transverse section of the myotome shows less variation with chordwise position than would be expected from simple bending theory. Muscle strains measured using sonomicrometry thus do not necessarily represent the more uniform strain predicted for the whole section of the fish. White muscle strain can be accurately predicted from the spine curvatures as measured from the cin\u00e9 images if the gearing ratio between the red and white muscle fibres is known. A model for calculating the gearing ratio from the helical muscle fibre geometry was re-evaluated using current data for the kinematics of fast-starting C. carpio. This model predicted a mean gearing ratio of 2.8 for these fast-starts. A quicker, alternative approach to estimating gearing ratio from the position of the centroid of white fibre area is proposed and results in ratios similar to those calculated from the model of helical geometry. White muscle strains in fish can thus be estimated from measurements of spine curvature and muscle distribution alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.5.521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T05:26:38Z","timestamp":1619328398000},"page":"521-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["White muscle strain in the common carp and red to white muscle gearing ratios in fish"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"202","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Wakeling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of St Andrews Gatty Marine Laboratory , , St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of St Andrews Gatty Marine Laboratory , , St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400035906","article-title":"The orientation of muscle fibres in the myomeres of fishes","volume":"49","author":"Alexander","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Ass."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.140.1.313","article-title":"Activation of multiply innervated fast and slow myotomal muscle fibres of the teleost Myoxocephalus scorpius","volume":"140","author":"Altringham","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.148.1.395","article-title":"Modelling muscle power output in a swimming fish","volume":"148","author":"Altringham","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.182.1.191","article-title":"Myotomal muscle function at different locations in the body of a swimming fish","volume":"182","author":"Altringham","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.40.1.23","article-title":"Caudal fin and body movements in the propulsion of some fish","volume":"40","author":"Bainbridge","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.156.1.453","article-title":"Skeletal muscle deformation in the lateral muscle of the intact rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during fast start maneuvers","volume":"156","author":"Covell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.8.1165","article-title":"The kinematics and performance of fish fast-start swimming","volume":"200","author":"Domenici","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.4.703","article-title":"Muscle power output during escape responses in an Antarctic fish","volume":"200","author":"Franklin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1139\/z91-399","article-title":"Mechanics of the startle response in the northern pike, Esox lucius","volume":"69","author":"Frith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.10.4.391","article-title":"Studies in animal locomotion. I. The propulsive mechanism of the whiting (Gadus merlangus)","volume":"10","author":"Gray","year":"1933","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.109.1.229","article-title":"Fast continuous swimming of saithe (Pollachius virens): a dynamic analysis of bending moments and muscle power","volume":"109","author":"Hess","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.7.913","article-title":"Scaling of muscle performance during escape responses in the fish Myoxocephalus scorpius L","volume":"201","author":"James","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00193522","article-title":"Red and white muscle activity and kinematics of the escape response of the bluegill sunfish during swimming","volume":"173","author":"Jayne","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.9.1851","article-title":"How fish power predation fast-starts","volume":"198","author":"Johnston","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.117.1.357","article-title":"The mechanical power output of a tettingoid wing muscle during singing and flight","volume":"117","author":"Josephson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C16","first-page":"923","article-title":"Concerning the geometry of fish trunk muscles","volume":"9","author":"Kashin","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Ichthyol. (English translation of Vopr. Ikhtiol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.169.1.251","article-title":"Sarcomere length changes during fish swimming","volume":"169","author":"Lieber","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.01.010169.002213","article-title":"Hydromechanics of aquatic animal propulsion","volume":"1","author":"Lighthill","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112070001830","article-title":"Aquatic animal propulsion of high hydromechanical efficiency","volume":"44","author":"Lighthill","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C20","first-page":"125","article-title":"Large-amplitude elongated body theory of fish locomotion","volume":"179","author":"Lighthill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/335824a0","article-title":"Why animals have different muscle fibre types","volume":"335","author":"Rome","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C289","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.260.2.C289","article-title":"Myofilament overlap in swimming carp. II. Sarcomere length changes during swimming","volume":"260","author":"Rome","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8332898","article-title":"How fish power swimming","volume":"261","author":"Rome","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C24","volume-title":"The phenotypic plasticity of whole animal and muscle performance during fast-starts in Cottidae","author":"Temple","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76693-0_7","article-title":"Muscle function in locomotion","volume-title":"Mechanics of Animal Locomotion","author":"Van Leeuwen","year":"1992"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04298.x","article-title":"Function of red axial muscles of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): Recruitment and normalized power output during swimming in different modes","volume":"220","author":"Van Leeuwen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Zool., Lond."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.10.1505","article-title":"Muscle power output limits fast-start performance in fish","volume":"201","author":"Wakeling","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.8.1629","article-title":"Tuning into fish swimming waves: body form, swimming mode and muscle function","volume":"198","author":"Wardle","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.68.1.123","article-title":"Effects of median-fin amputation on fast-start performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","volume":"68","author":"Webb","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-1973-10308","article-title":"The mechanism of rapid starting of a slender fish","volume":"10","author":"Weihs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"2024110713412592000_JEXBIO_202_5_521C31","first-page":"662pp","volume-title":"Biostatistical Analysis","author":"Zar","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/202\/5\/521\/3578309\/jexbio_202_5_521.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/202\/5\/521\/3578309\/jexbio_202_5_521.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T13:41:42Z","timestamp":1730986902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/202\/5\/521\/8079\/White-muscle-strain-in-the-common-carp-and-red-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.202.5.521","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]}}}