{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:36:35Z","timestamp":1791318995110,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,15]],"date-time":"2000-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":961027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We evaluated the timing and density of ED-1-positive macrophage accumulation (ED 1 is the primary antibody for the macrophage) and measured cytokine production by macrophages in standardized compression injuries to the spinal cord and sciatic nerves of individual rats 3, 5, 10 and 21 days post-injury. The actual site of mechanical damage to the nervous tissue, and a more distant site where Wallerian degeneration had occurred, were evaluated in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) at these time points. The initial accumulation of activated macrophages was similar at both the central and peripheral sites of damage. Subsequently, macrophage densities at all locations studied were statistically significantly higher in the spinal cord than in the sciatic nerve at every time point but one. The peak concentrations of three cytokines, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), appeared earlier and were statistically significantly higher in injured spinal cord than in injured sciatic nerve. We discuss the meaning of these data relative to the known differences in the reparative responses of the PNS and CNS to injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.12.1783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T05:38:24Z","timestamp":1619329104000},"page":"1783-1795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["The Macrophage in Acute Neural Injury: Changes in Cell Numbers Over time and Levels of Cytokine Production in Mammalian Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Alenka","family":"Leskovar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 1 Center for Paralysis Research ,"},{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loren J.","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 1 Center for Paralysis Research ,"},{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Turek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Schoenlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Borgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 1 Center for Paralysis Research ,"},{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine ,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830171004","article-title":"Production of hybridoma growth factor by monocytes","volume":"17","author":"Aarden","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1995.1095","article-title":"Differential macrophage responses in the peripheral and central nervous system during Wallerian degeneration of axons","volume":"136","author":"Avellino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.6.1233","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1: a mediator of focal ischemic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Barone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C4","first-page":"67","article-title":"Regeneration in the central nervous system","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Neuropathology","author":"Berry","year":"1979"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/cns.1985.2.299","article-title":"Delayed demyelination and macrophage invasion: A candidate for secondary cell damage in spinal cord injury","volume":"2","author":"Blight","year":"1985","journal-title":"Central Nervous System Trauma"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s83","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1992.9.147","article-title":"Macrophages and inflammatory damage in spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Blight","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurotraum."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90220-8","article-title":"Effects of silica on the outcome from experimental spinal cord injury: Implication of macrophages in secondary tissue damage","volume":"60","author":"Blight","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1998.6785","article-title":"Acute inflammatory response in spinal cord following impact injury","volume":"151","author":"Carlson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C9","first-page":"3","article-title":"Wound repair: overview and general considerations","volume-title":"The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair","author":"Clark","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C10","first-page":"140","article-title":"Rat macrophage lysosomal membrane antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody ED1","volume":"83","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90085-T","article-title":"Macrophages can modify the nonpermissive nature of the adult mammalian central nervous system","volume":"5","author":"David","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C12","first-page":"61","article-title":"Supporting cells: central and peripheral","volume-title":"Neuroregeneration","author":"de Vellis","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199510000-00001","article-title":"Wound healing: the role of the macrophage and other immune cells","volume":"4","author":"DiPietro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(83)90212-9","article-title":"Fluorometric quantitation of DNA in cells and tissues","volume":"131","author":"Downs","year":"1983","journal-title":"Analyt. Biochem."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C15","first-page":"333","article-title":"Purification and cultivation of monocytes and macrophages","volume-title":"In Vitro Methods in Cell-Mediated and Tumor Immunity","author":"Edelson","year":"1976"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)00287-O","article-title":"Experimental brain injury induces expression of interleukin-1\u03b2 mRNA in the rat brain","volume":"30","author":"Fan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19980201)51:3&lt;316::AID-JNR5&gt;3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Effects of macrophage transplantation in the injured adult rat spinal cord: A combined immunocytochemical and biochemical study","volume":"51","author":"Franzen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050095","article-title":"Cellular dynamics of macrophages and microglial cells in reaction to stab wounds in rat cerebral cortex","volume":"140","author":"Fujita","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1994.1164","article-title":"Delayed macrophage responses and myelin clearance during Wallerian degeneration in the central nervous system: the dorsal radiculotomy model","volume":"129","author":"George","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-12-04416.1989","article-title":"The role of mononuclear phagocytes in wound healing after traumatic injury to adult mammalian brain","volume":"9","author":"Giulian","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270107","article-title":"Inhibition of mononuclear phagocytes reduces ischemic injury in the spinal cord","volume":"27","author":"Giulian","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950171111","article-title":"The macrophage","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C23","first-page":"257","article-title":"The resident macrophages in the peripheral nervous system are renewed from the bone marrow: new variations on an old theme","volume":"69","author":"Griffin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199610000-00015","article-title":"Enhanced expression of interleukin IL-1 and IL-6 messenger RNA and bioactive protein after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats","volume":"40","author":"Hagberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediat. Res."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(89)90397-9","article-title":"Re-examination and further development of a precise and rapid dye method for measuring cell growth\/cell kill","volume":"119","author":"Hansen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440040215","article-title":"Astroglia in CNS injury","volume":"4","author":"Hatten","year":"1991","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.3.0493","article-title":"Delayed cytokine expression in rat brain following experimental contusion","volume":"86","author":"Holmin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.9.2983","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is exacerbated by IL-1a and suppressed by soluble IL-1 receptor","volume":"146","author":"Jacobs","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830190732","article-title":"Decline in growth and antibody production of established hybridomas and transfectomas with addition of interleukin 6","volume":"19","author":"Karavodin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1979.tb00871.x","article-title":"Hypotheses concerned with axonal regeneration in the mammalian nervous system","volume":"54","author":"Kiernan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00338-3","article-title":"Cytokines and adhesion molecules in stroke and related diseases","volume":"137","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30216-X","article-title":"The wound healing process","volume":"11","author":"Kirsner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clinics"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00381-8","article-title":"Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimental spinal cord injury","volume":"762","author":"Klusman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01268086","article-title":"Quantification of the mononuclear phagocyte response to Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerve","volume":"23","author":"Lawson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.11.8836043","article-title":"Transplantaion of activated macrophages overcomes central nervous system regrowth failure","volume":"10","author":"Lazarov-Spiegler","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C36","first-page":"111","article-title":"Electron microscopic studies of macrophages in Wallerian degeneration of rat optic nerve after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon","volume":"126","author":"Ling","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901930304","article-title":"Use of carbon labeling to demonstrate the role of blood monocytes as precursors of the \u2018ameboid cells\u2019 present in the corpus callosum of postnatal rats","volume":"193","author":"Ling","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3603044","article-title":"Astrocytes block axonal regeneration in mammals by activating the physiological stop pathway","volume":"237","author":"Liuzzi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1994.1066","article-title":"Cytokines modulate the inflammatory response and change permissiveness to neuronal adhesion in injured mammalian central nervous system","volume":"126","author":"Lotan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.8.13.7926367","article-title":"Cross talk between the immune system and the nervous system in response to injury: implications for regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Lotan","year":"1994","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00771.x","article-title":"Absence of Wallerian degeneration does not hinder regeneration in peripheral nerve","volume":"1","author":"Lunn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09324.x","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-1\u03b2 mRNA in rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia","volume":"58","author":"Minami","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687611","article-title":"Immunohistochemical studies of blood monocytes infiltrating into the neonatal rat brain","volume":"62","author":"Miyake","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01191724","article-title":"MHC-positive, ramified macrophages in the normal and injured rat peripheral nervous system","volume":"21","author":"Monaco","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00203-7","article-title":"Two and three dimensional computer graphic evaluation of the subacute spinal cord injury","volume":"155","author":"Moriarty","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199702000-00013","article-title":"Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor and amelioration of brain infarction in mice","volume":"17","author":"Nawashiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90180-T","article-title":"Macrophages and inflammation in the central nervous system","volume":"16","author":"Perry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90038-M","article-title":"Macrophages and nerve regeneration","volume":"2","author":"Perry","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.4.1218","article-title":"The macrophage response to central and peripheral nerve injury: a possible role for macrophages in regeneration","volume":"165","author":"Perry","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(88)90110-5","article-title":"Macrophages and microglia in the nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Perry","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)61220-6","article-title":"Macrophages and the nervous system","volume":"125","author":"Perry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6694","article-title":"Activated macrophage\/microglial cells can promote the regeneration of sensory axons into the injured spinal cord","volume":"148","author":"Prewitt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C54","volume-title":"Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System.","author":"Ramon y Cajal","year":"1928"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0798-814","article-title":"Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats","volume":"4","author":"Rapalino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01237.x","article-title":"Interleukin 6 in intact and injured mouse peripheral nerves","volume":"8","author":"Reichert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C57","first-page":"87","article-title":"The glial scar: its bearing on axonal elongation and transplantation approaches to CNS repair","volume-title":"Advances in Neurology: Functional Recovery in Neurological Diseases","author":"Reier","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C58","first-page":"163","article-title":"The astrocytic scar as an impediment to regeneration in the central nervous system","volume-title":"Spinal Cord Reconstruction","author":"Reier","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0059","article-title":"Peripheral administration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits brain damage after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat","volume":"138","author":"Relton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C60","first-page":"178","article-title":"Involvement of interleukin-1 and lipocortin-1 in ischemic brain damage","volume":"5","author":"Rothwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(92)90176-L","article-title":"Interleukin-1 activity in lesioned peripheral nerve","volume":"39","author":"Rotshenker","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V75.1.40.40","article-title":"Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF","volume":"75","author":"Schindler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199903000-00004","article-title":"Cytokine-induced acute inflammation in the brain and spinal cord","volume":"58","author":"Schnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.16.030193.003025","article-title":"Inhibitors of neurite growth","volume":"16","author":"Schwab","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199905000-00057","article-title":"Potential repair of rat spinal cord injuries using stimulated homologous macrophages","volume":"44","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1994.76","article-title":"Closed head injury triggers early production of TNF\u03b1 and IL-6 by brain tissue","volume":"14","author":"Shohami","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.1.0015","article-title":"Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Tator","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90008-M","article-title":"Increase in IL-6, IL-1 and TNF levels in rat brain following traumatic lesion","volume":"42","author":"Taupin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90713-H","article-title":"Local infusion of interleukin-6 attenuates the neurotoxic effects of NMDA on rat striatal cholinergic neurons","volume":"144","author":"Toulmond","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00014-X","article-title":"Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio","volume":"9","author":"Turek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Biochem"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(91)90161-W","article-title":"The effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and leucine aminopeptidase levels in rat peritoneal macrophages","volume":"43","author":"Turek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.6.1541","article-title":"Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate responses of pigs to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection","volume":"126","author":"Turek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C73","first-page":"7","article-title":"Isolation of monocyte\/ macrophage populations","volume-title":"Current Protocols in Immunology","author":"Wahl","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.4.676","article-title":"Interleukin-1 as a pathogenetic mediator of ischemic brain damage in rats","volume":"26","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C75","first-page":"27","article-title":"Cellular, ionic and biomolecular mechanisms of the injury process","volume-title":"Contemporary Management of Spinal Cord Injury","author":"Young","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024121804553918500_JEXBIO_203_12_1783C76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199807)23:3&lt;181::AID-GLIA1&gt;3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Differential effects of central and peripheral nerves on macrophages and microglia","volume":"23","author":"Zeev-Brann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/203\/12\/1783\/3601648\/jexbio_203_12_1783.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/203\/12\/1783\/3601648\/jexbio_203_12_1783.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T04:56:02Z","timestamp":1734497762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/203\/12\/1783\/8368\/The-Macrophage-in-Acute-Neural-Injury-Changes-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,15]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.203.12.1783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,15]]}}}