{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T05:47:01Z","timestamp":1751867221442,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,15]],"date-time":"2000-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":947894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ectothermal animals are able to locomote effectively over a wide range of temperatures despite low temperature reducing the power output of their muscles. It has been suggested that animals recruit more muscle fibres and faster fibre types to compensate for the reduced power output at low temperature, but it is not known how much low temperature actually reduces power output in vivo. \u2018Optimized\u2019 work-loop measurements, which are thought to approximate muscle function in vivo, give a Q10 of approximately 2.3 for power output of scup (Stenotomus chrysops) red muscle between 10 \u00b0C and 20 \u00b0C. However, because of the slower muscle relaxation rate at low temperatures, \u2018optimizing\u2019 work loops requires stimulation duration to be reduced and oscillation frequency to be decreased to obtain maximal power output. Previous fish swimming experiments suggest that similar optimization may not occur in vivo, and this may have substantial consequences in terms of muscle power generation and swimming at low temperatures.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>To assess more precisely the effects of temperature on muscle performance and swimming, in the present study, we measured the length change, stimulation duration and stimulus phase of red muscle at various positions along scup swimming at several speeds at 10 \u00b0C and 20 \u00b0C. In a companion study, we determined the effects of temperature on in vivo power generation by driving muscle fibre bundles through these in vivo length changes and stimulation conditions, and measuring the resulting power output. The most significant finding from the present study is that, despite large differences in the in vivo parameters along the length of the fish (a decrease in stimulus duration, an increase in strain and a negative shift in phase) moving posteriorly, these parameters do not change with temperature. Thus, although the nervous system of fish could, in theory, compensate for slow muscle relaxation by greatly reducing muscle stimulation duration at low temperatures, it does not. This lack of compensation to low temperatures might reflect a potential limitation in neural control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.2.321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:33:58Z","timestamp":1619325238000},"page":"321-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Influence of Temperature on Power Production During Swimming: I. <i>In Vivo<\/i> Length Change and Stimulation Pattern"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Douglas M.","family":"Swank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Physiology"},{"name":"3 Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"},{"name":"4 Coastal Research Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence C.","family":"Rome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Physiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121805414477600_JEXBIO_203_2_321C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.182.1.191","article-title":"Myotomal muscle function at different locations in the body of a swimming fish","volume":"182","author":"Altringham","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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