{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T02:16:29Z","timestamp":1773195389930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1391\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1391\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interactions between coinfecting parasites1 may take various forms, either direct or indirect, facilitative or competitive, and may be mediated by either bottom-up or top-down mechanisms. While each form of interaction leads to different evolutionary and ecological outcomes, it is challenging to tease them apart throughout the infection period. To establish the first step towards a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between coinfecting limited-term bacterial parasites and lifelong bacterial parasites, we studied the coinfection ofBartonella sp. (limited-term) and Mycoplasma sp. (lifelong), which commonly co-occur in wild rodents. We infected Bartonella and Mycoplasma-free rodents with each species, and simultaneously with both, and quantified the infection dynamics and host responses. Bartonella benefited from the interaction; its infection load decreased more slowly in coinfected rodents than in rodents infected with Bartonella alone. There were no indications for bottom-up effects, but coinfected rodents experienced various changes, depending on the infection stage, in their body mass, stress levels, and activity pattern, which may further affect bacterial replication and transmission. Interestingly, the infection dynamics and changes in the average coinfected rodent traits were more similar to the chronic effects of Mycoplasma infection, whereas coinfection uniquely impaired the host's physiological and behavioral stability. These results suggest that parasites with distinct life history strategies may interact, and their interaction may be asymmetric, non-additive, multifaceted, and dynamic through time. Since multiple, sometimes contrasting, forms of interactions are simultaneously at play and their relative importance alternates throughout the course of infection, the overall outcome may change under different ecological conditions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>1\u201cParasite\u201d is used throughout the article in its broad definition as an organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by consuming parts of the host resources or components. It damages the host but is rarely lethal in the short term. This term includes herein viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites, and other blood-sucking organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T12:45:15Z","timestamp":1562589915000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The dynamics between limited-term and lifelong coinfecting bacterial parasites in wild rodent hosts"],"prefix":"10.1242","author":[{"given":"Anat","family":"Eidelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmit","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel"},{"name":"Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Navarro-Castilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Autonomous of Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serina","family":"Filler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 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