{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:31:45Z","timestamp":1790944305023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]],"date-time":"2001-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":980985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ectothermal animals are able to locomote in a kinematically similar manner over a wide range of temperatures. It has long been recognized that there can be a significant reduction in the power output of muscle during swimming at low temperatures because of the reduced steady-state (i.e. constant activation and shortening velocity) power-generating capabilities of muscle. However, an additional reduction in power involves the interplay between the non-steady-state contractile properties of the muscles (i.e. the rates of activation and relaxation) and the in vivo stimulation and length change pattern the muscle undergoes during locomotion. In particular, it has been found that isolated scup (Stenotomus chrysops) red muscle working under in vivo stimulus and length change conditions (measured in warm-acclimated scup swimming at low temperatures) generates very little power for swimming. Even though the relaxation of the muscle has slowed greatly, warm-acclimated fish swim with the same tail-beat frequencies and the same stimulus duty cycles at cold temperatures, thereby not affording the slow-relaxing muscle any extra time to relax.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>We hypothesize that considerable improvement in the power output of the red muscle at low temperatures could be achieved if cold acclimation resulted in either a faster muscle relaxation rate or in the muscle being given more time to relax (e.g. by shortening the stimulus duration or reducing the tail-beat frequency). We test these hypotheses in this paper and the accompanying paper.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Scup were acclimated to 10 \u00b0C (cold-acclimated) and 20 \u00b0C (warm-acclimated) for at least 6 weeks. Electromyograms (EMGs) and high-speed cine films were taken of fish swimming steadily at 10 \u00b0C and 20 \u00b0C. At 10 \u00b0C, we found that, although there were no differences in tail-beat frequency, muscle strain or stimulation phase between acclimation groups, cold-acclimated scup had EMG duty cycles approximately 20 % shorter than warm-acclimated scup. In contrast at 20 \u00b0C, there was no difference between acclimation groups in EMG duty cycle, nor in any other muscle length change or stimulation parameter.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Thus, in response to cold acclimation, there appears to be a reduction in EMG duty cycle at low swimming temperatures that is probably due to an alteration in the operation of the pattern generator. This novel acclimation probably improves muscle power output at low temperatures compared with that of warm-acclimated fish, an expectation we test in the accompanying paper using the work-loop technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.3.409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:40:53Z","timestamp":1619325653000},"page":"409-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Influence of Thermal Acclimation on Power Production During Swimming I. <i>In Vivo<\/i> Stimulation and Length Change Pattern of Scup Red Muscle"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Lawrence C.","family":"Rome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Marine Biological Laboratories, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas M.","family":"Swank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Marine Biological Laboratories, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121805174473900_JEXBIO_204_3_409C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.2.459","article-title":"Muscle length changes during fish swimming: a comparison of sonomicrometry and anatomical high-speed cin\u00e9 techniques","volume":"199","author":"Coughlin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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