{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:50:10Z","timestamp":1787021410777,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]],"date-time":"2001-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":980985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In vivo measurements of pectoralis muscle length change and force production were obtained using sonomicrometry and delto-pectoral bone strain recordings during ascending and slow level flight in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). These measurements provide a description of the force\/ length properties of the pectoralis under dynamic conditions during two discrete flight behaviors and allow an examination of the effects of differences in body size and morphology on pectoralis performance by comparing the results with those of a recent similar study of slow level flight in pigeons (Columbia livia). In the present study, the mallard pectoralis showed a distinct pattern of active lengthening during the upstroke. This probably enhances the rate of force generation and the magnitude of the force generated and, thus, the amount of work and power produced during the downstroke. The power output of the pectoralis averaged 17.0 W kg\u22121 body mass (131 W kg\u22121muscle mass) during slow level flight (3 m s\u22121) and 23.3 W kg\u22121 body mass (174 W kg\u22121 muscle mass) during ascending flight. This increase in power was achieved principally via an increase in muscle strain (29 % versus 36 %), rather than an increase in peak force (107 N versus 113 N) or cycle frequency (8.4 Hz versus 8.9 Hz). Body-mass-specific power output of mallards during slow level flight (17.0 W kg\u22121), measured in terms of pectoralis mechanical power, was similar to that measured recently in pigeons (16.1 W kg\u22121). Mallards compensate for their greater body mass and proportionately smaller wing area and pectoralis muscle volume by operating with a high myofibrillar stress to elevate mechanical power output.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.3.495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:40:36Z","timestamp":1619311236000},"page":"495-507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Pectoralis Muscle Performance During Ascending and Slow Level Flight in Mallards (\n                    <i>Anas Platyrhynchos<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 1 Concord Field Station, Museum of Comparative Zoology , , Old Causeway Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth P.","family":"Dial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montana 2 Division of Biological Sciences , , Missoula, MT 59812, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Biewener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 1 Concord Field Station, Museum of Comparative Zoology , , Old Causeway Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121805185115500_JEXBIO_204_3_495C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.24.3119","article-title":"The effects of length trajectory on the mechanical power output of mouse skeletal muscles","volume":"200","author":"Askew","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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