{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T05:10:04Z","timestamp":1734585004710,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]],"date-time":"2001-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":986083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.biologists.com\/user-licence-1-1\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous neuromodulator with a diverse array of functions in a variety of brain regions, but a role for NO in the generation of locomotor activity has yet to be demonstrated. The possibility that NO is involved in the generation of motor activity in embryos of the frog Rana temporaria was investigated using the NO donors S-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP; 100\u2013500 \u03bcmol l\u22121 ) and diethylamine nitric oxide complex sodium (DEANO; 25\u2013100 \u03bcmol l\u22121 ). Immobilised Rana temporaria embryos generate a non-rhythmic \u2018lashing\u2019 motor pattern either spontaneously or in response to dimming of the experimental bath illumination. Bath-applied NO donors triggered a qualitatively similar motor pattern in which non-rhythmic motor bursts were generated contra- and ipsilaterally down the length of the body. The inactive precursor of SNAP, n-acetyl-penicillamine (NAP), at equivalent concentrations did not trigger motor activity. NO donors failed to initiate swimming and had no measurable effects on the parameters of swimming induced by electrical stimulation. Intracellular recordings with potassium-acetate-filled electrodes revealed that the bursts of ventral root discharge induced by NO donors were accompanied by phasic depolarisations in motor neurons. During the inter-burst intervals, periods of substantial membrane hyperpolarisation below the normal resting potential were observed, presumably coincident with contralateral ventral root activity. With KCl-filled electrodes, inhibitory potentials were strongly depolarising, suggesting that inhibition was Cl\u2212 -dependent. The synaptic drive seen in motor neurons after dimming of the illumination was very similar to that induced by the NO donors. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry identified putative endogenous sources of NO in the central nervous system and the skin. Three populations of bilaterally symmetrical neurons were identified within the brainstem. Some of these neurons had contralateral projections and many had axonal processes that projected to and entered the marginal zones of the spinal cord, suggesting that they were reticulospinal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.7.1307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:44:04Z","timestamp":1619325844000},"page":"1307-1317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Induction of a non-rhythmic motor pattern by nitric oxide in hatchling <i>Rana temporaria<\/i> embryos"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Mclean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews 1 School of Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Bute Medical Buildings , , St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Mcdearmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Box 1218, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai Medical School, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith T.","family":"Sillar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews 1 School of Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Bute Medical Buildings , , St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121805242176100_JEXBIO_204_7_1307C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91489-N","article-title":"Initiation and modulation of the locomotor pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs","volume":"546","author":"Barbeau","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2024121805242176100_JEXBIO_204_7_1307C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.169.1.65","article-title":"The stopping response of Xenopus laevis embryos: pharmacology and intracellular physiology of rhythmic spinal neurons and hindbrain neurons","volume":"169","author":"Boothby","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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