{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:55:37Z","timestamp":1762005337339},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"The Company of Biologists","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ligamentous lumbar vertebral column of a macaque could potentially provide passive mechanical support to the weight of the head, upper body and forelimbs during upright sitting. The seated flexed curvature of the lumbar spine of Macaca sylvana was estimated from a photograph and was partitioned equally among the lumbar\u2014lumbar intervertebral joints. This flexed curvature was compared with the hyper-extended profile of the unloaded excised ligamentous spine of a related species (Macaca fascicularis) and used to calculate changes in intervertebral angle from the unloaded excised state to the loaded in vivo state. Changes in intervertebral angle were then used to calculate the net flexion moment required to bend the spine from the unloaded curvature to the seated curvature. The moment arm of the ventrally displaced weight of the head, upper body and forelimbs was estimated and used to calculate a corresponding net force. It was found that this force corresponded to approximately 18 % of the total body weight of the 2.34 kg sample animal. This compares with a likely fractional body weight of approximately 30-40 % for the head, upper body and forelimbs of these primates. Therefore, approximately half of the ventral flexion moment associated with the combined weight of the head, upper body and forelimbs during sitting in these animals may be supported by the passive mechanical properties associated with the ligamentous lumbar spine. This represents a potential means of relieving muscular effort and saving metabolic energy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.12.1703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:54:44Z","timestamp":1619326484000},"page":"1703-1707","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mammalian spinal biomechanics: postural support in seated macaques"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Julianna","family":"Gal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Trefforest,Pontypridd CF37 1DL, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"237","reference":[{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, R. McN. (1985). Body size and limb design in primates and other mammals. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology (ed. W. L. Jungers), pp.337-343. New York: Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3647-9_15"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF2","unstructured":"Alexander, R. McN. (1988). Elastic Mechanisms in Animal Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimery, N. J., Alexander, R. McN. and Deyst, K. A.(1985). Mechanics of the ligamentum nuchae of some artiodactyls. J. Zool., Lond.206,341-351.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05663.x"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal, J. (1993a). Mammalian spinal biomechanics. I. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of intact intervertebral joints. J. Exp. Biol.174,247-280.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174.1.247"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal, J. (1993b). Mammalian spinal biomechanics. II. Intervertebral lesion experiments and mechanisms of bending resistance. J. Exp. Biol.174,281-297.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174.1.281"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGraw, W. S. (1998). Posture and support use of Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae): The influence of foraging strategies,activity patterns, and spatial distribution of preferred food items. Am. J. Primatol.46,229-250.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:3<229::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF7","unstructured":"Napier, J. R. and Napier, P. H. (1967). A Handbook of Living Primates, Morphology, Ecology and Behaviour of Nonhuman Primates. London: Academic Press."},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preuschoft, H., Gunther, M. M. and Christian, A.(1998). Size dependence in prosimian locomotion, and its implications for the distribution of body mass. Folia Primatol.69 (Suppl. 1),60-81.","DOI":"10.1159\/000052699"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilensky, J. A. (1979). Masses,centres-of-gravity and moments-of-inertia of the body segments of the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.50,57-66.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330500109"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF10","unstructured":"Wainwright, S. A., Biggs, W. D., Currey, J. D. and Gosline, J. M. (1976). Mechanical Design in Organisms. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X. T. and Ker, R. F. (1995). Creep rupture of wallaby tail tendons. J. Exp. Biol.198,831-845.","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.3.831"},{"key":"2021042504522794200_REF12","unstructured":"Woodward, J. and Hare, T. (1988). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Wildlife, vol.14. London: Orbis Publishing Ltd."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/12\/1703\/1241255\/1703.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article-pdf\/205\/12\/1703\/1241255\/1703.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T11:05:29Z","timestamp":1619953529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/205\/12\/1703\/8953\/Mammalian-spinal-biomechanics-postural-support-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.205.12.1703","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-9145","0022-0949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1477-9145","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0022-0949","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,15]]}}}